Whether you can make tools is the fundamental difference between human and animals.
3. Comparison among Yuanmou people, Beijingers and cavemen.
Ancient humans
The age of life
physical features
use a tool
Use fire
living conditions
Yuanmou Man
About 6.5438+0.7 million years ago.
make tools
Know how to use fire
Beijing natives
About a few years ago
700,000 to 200,000 years
Preserve some physical characteristics of apes
Manufacture and use of hammered stone tools
Preserve kindling with natural fire.
Social life
Prehistoric caveman
About 30 thousand years ago
Basically the same as modern people.
Know how to polish and drill holes.
make a fire
patriarchal clan
Lesson 2 primitive farming life
1, Hemudu and Banpo comparison
hominid
long time ago
Find the spot
grain crops
implement of production
house
Make pottery
Hemudu residents
About seven thousand years ago.
Yangtze valley
Hemudu Village, Yuyao City, Zhejiang Province
Planting rice
Use thunder
Dry column house
Banpo residents
About five or six thousand years ago.
Yellow River Basin
Shaanxi Xi 'an banpo village
Planting millet
Stone grinding tools are widely used.
Semi-basement house
Colored pottery
2. The original inhabitants of Dawenkou: About four or five thousand years ago, they lived in Dawenkou, Shandong Province, and made black pottery and white pottery, resulting in private property and polarization between the rich and the poor.
Lesson 3 China's ancestors
1, the formation of the Chinese nation
Huangdi Tribe and Yan Di Tribe defeated Chiyou in Zhuolu and formed an alliance from then on. After long-term development, they formed the future Chinese nation. The Chinese nation is also the predecessor of the Han nationality.
2. The Yellow Emperor-"the ancestor of mankind"
3. Franchise system
(1) After the Yellow Emperor, Yao, Shun and Yu were outstanding tribal alliance leaders in the Yellow River basin of China.
(2) The abdication system is a way to democratically elect the leaders of tribal alliances.
Unit 2 the emergence of the state and social change
Lesson 4 The Rise and Fall of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
1, the replacement of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties
dynasty
clotting time
Extinction time
capital
Founding monarch
The king who led to the collapse of the country
summer
About 2070 BC
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
Guangzhou
Yu
cruel
business
About 65438 BC+0600 BC
65438 BC+0046 BC
Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin.
soup
It is said to be a tyrant
week
Western Zhou Dynasty
65438 BC+0046 BC
77 BC1
Haojing
Zhou Wuwang
Zhou Youwang
Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770-256 BC)
770 BC
22 BC1
The abbreviation of Luoyang
Zhou Pingwang
2. Inheriting the father's position shows that the hereditary system has replaced the abdication system, and the "public world" has become a "home world"
3. King Wu's attack: the battle of Makino
4. Why did Shang Tang destroy the summer and cut the week?
(1) Xia Jie and the brutal rule of Shang and Zhou Dynasties. (2) Soup wins people's hearts with its characteristics.
(3) Tang and King Wu appointed sages. (4) unite with other small countries.
5, enfeoffment system
(1) The purpose of enfeoffment is to consolidate the rule.
(2) The contents of the enfeoffment system:
The son of heaven distributed the land and people to relatives and heroes and made them princes.
(2) The duty of the governor: obey orders; Pay tribute; Guard the territory; Fight the emperor in wartime.
(3) The significance of the enfeoffment system: the remote areas were developed, the rule was strengthened, and the Western Zhou Dynasty became a powerful country.
6. Social stratum in the Western Zhou Dynasty
Zhou Tian Zi → Governors → QingDafu → Scholars → People → Slaves.
Lesson 5 Brilliant Bronze Civilization
1. At the end of primitive society, bronzes appeared in China.
2. The Shang Dynasty was a glorious period of bronze culture in China. At present, the largest and heaviest bronze ware in the world is Simu Wuding.
3. The unique bronze culture prevailing in Chengdu Plain in southwest China is Sanxingdui culture, such as bronze masks and statues.
4. The prosperity of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts and commerce formed the splendid bronze civilization of China in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
Lesson 6 Disputes during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period
1. Eastern Zhou Dynasty: In 770 BC, the capital was moved to Luo. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
2.( 1) Strive for hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period (770 BC-476 BC)
① Three overlords: Qi Huangong (the first overlord), Jin Wengong and Chu Zhuangwang.
(2) The common reason why Qi Huangong and Jin Wengong became hegemons is through reform.
(3) Different ways of hegemony: Qi Huangong-convening a vassal alliance; Jin Wengong-Chengpu Battle
(4) The influence of hegemonic war:
Negative effects: It has brought heavy disasters and pains to people.
Positive effects: a) accelerating the pace of reunification; b) promoting national integration.
C. promoting economic and cultural development and exchanges.
② Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period (475 BC-22 BC1year)
① Seven Chivalrous Men: Qi, Qin, Han, Zhao, Wei, Yan and Chu.
② Orientation: Yan (northernmost)
surname
Qi (easternmost)
Qin Wei (westernmost)
surname
Chu (southernmost)
(3) Three famous battles:
The Battle of Guiling Wei (Pang Juan) ── Qi (Sun Bin) besieged Wei to save Zhao.
The Battle of Malingwei (Pang Juan) ── Qi (Sun Bin)' s plan to lower the furnace.
Battle of Changping, Qin and Zhao
3, the nature of the war:
Spring and Autumn Period-the War for Hegemony; The history of the Warring States-Merger War is to move towards unification in the process of hegemony and merger.
Lesson 7 the era of great change
1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, iron farm tools began to appear in China; Niu Geng was used in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
2. Niu Geng is a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China.
Dujiangyan is a water conservancy project built by Li Bing, the prefect of Shu County, Qin State.
If the rules of the world are different, the country will be illegal.
4. Shang Yang's political reform (★★★★)
(1) Time: 356 BC
(2) Character: Shang Yang began to reform with the support of Qin Xiaogong.
(3) Background: ① The continuous development of social productive forces ② The rise of the landlord class.
(4) Purpose: To establish feudal rule and develop feudal economy.
(5) Content (★★):
content
Single action (★)
The state recognizes private ownership of land and allows free transactions.
Establish feudal land ownership
Reward farming
Reward production (those who produce more grain and cloth can be exempted from corvee)
economic development
Reward military service (according to the size of military service, title and family) (directly infringing on the interests of slave owners and nobles)
The combat effectiveness of the army has increased.
Establish a county system, and the monarch directly sends officials to govern.
Strengthen centralization
(6) Significance (influence):
(1) Qin was the most prosperous country at the end of the Warring States period, with developed economy and constantly strengthened military combat effectiveness.
② The feudal system was gradually established and the feudal society was formed.
(7) The criterion for judging the success of Shang Yang's political reform is whether the purpose of the political reform has been achieved.
(8) Reasons for the success of political reform:
① The root cause: conforming to the historical development trend (or conforming to the economic development trend).
(2) The reform was supported by Qin Xiaogong.
(3) Shang Yang personally dared to fight resolutely against the old forces.
Lesson 8 Cultural Prosperity in China (1)
1. The evolution of characters
time
business
Shang and Zhou Dynasties
Late western Zhou dynasty
Warring States period
trait
oracle bone script
Ancient bronze inscriptions
big seal character
Bamboo slips and silk books
writing instrument
Tortoise shell and animal bones
bronze vessels
Bamboo slips, silk books, silk
2. Astronomy, Calendar, Medicine, Literature and Music
astronomy
The earliest solar eclipse recorded in ancient books occurred in the Xia Dynasty.
There are many records about solar and lunar eclipses in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in Shang Dynasty, which are very reliable by modern scientists.
Calendar system
Today's lunar calendar, also called "Li Xia", is said to have originated in the Xia Dynasty.
(2) A year in Shang Dynasty is divided into 12 months, 30 days in big month, 29 days in small month and one month in leap year.
③ During the Warring States Period, 24 solar terms were measured in one year.
Medical science
Bian Que, a famous doctor, has always been used by Chinese medicine.
literature
Qu Yuan and his masterpiece Lisao, the World Peace Council designated Qu Yuan as a world cultural celebrity.
music
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "Bell and Drum Music" prevailed, and the most famous one was the chime unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province.
Lesson 9 The Prosperity of China Culture (2)
1, a hundred schools of thought contend (★★★)
school of thought
period
represent
figure
work
Ideological proposition
Confucianists
the Spring and Autumn Period
Confucius
The Analects of Confucius
① Political proposition: the core is "benevolence". Lover; "Governing the country by virtue"; Oppose tyranny and arbitrary punishment and killing.
(2) Educational proposition: setting up private schools; Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; Modest and studious; Review the past and learn the new.
③ Cultural achievements: Disciples compiled The Analects; Be compiled into Spring and Autumn Annals
④ The position of Confucius: His theory became the orthodox thought of feudal culture and occupied an important position in traditional culture.
Warring States period
Mencius
The Spring and Autumn War without Justice; "benevolent government"; Protection of natural resources (sustainable development)
dao jia xue pai
the Spring and Autumn Period
Laozi
Tao Te Ching
Everything has opposites and opposites can be transformed into each other.
Warring States period
Zhuangzi
Let nature take its course and govern by doing nothing.
mohists
Warring States period
Mozi
"Universal love": I hope people can help each other and care for each other.
"Non-aggression": Oppose the war of aggression and support the just war.
Legalist school
Han Fei
Advocating reform; Advocate the rule of law; Put forward the establishment of a feudal country with absolute monarchy and centralization. (most suitable for the needs of the emerging landlord class)
Military strategist
the Spring and Autumn Period
Kurt Sun
grandchild
warcraft
"Know yourself and know yourself, and you will win every battle."
2. A hundred schools mentioned the idea of "governing the country": Confucius, Mencius, Zhuangzi and Han Fei.
Mentioned the idea of "war" are: Mozi, Mencius, Sun Wu.
Unit 3 the establishment of a unified country
Lesson 10 "The King of Qin Sweeps Liuhe"
1. In 22 BC1year, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, destroyed the Six Kingdoms and established the first unified and centralized feudal country in the history of China, the Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital.
2. Reasons (conditions) for Qin's reunification:
1, Shang Yang's political reform laid a solid foundation; 2. Qin Wang reused talents;
3. Unification is an inevitable trend of historical development and conforms to the wishes of the people.
3. Measures to consolidate reunification (★★★★)
measure
Influence (★)
politics
An authoritarian centralized system was established (the central government set up a prime minister Qiu He and an imperial historian (administrative, military and supervisory), and local governments implemented a county system)
It has a profound influence on the history of China.
economy
Unified currency (round square hole copper coin), unified measurement
It has a very important influence on promoting economic and cultural exchanges and safeguarding national unity.
Thought culture
Unified font (seal script, official script)
Burn books to bury Confucianism (leave books on medicine, divination and planting)
Destroyed the culture and restricted people's thinking.
Military frontier defense
Defend the Huns and build the Great Wall in the north (Lintao in the west and Liaodong in the east)
Unify Lingnan and build Lingqu (connecting Yangtze River and Pearl River)
The Qin Dynasty had a vast territory (east to the East China Sea, west to Longxi, north to the Great Wall and south to the South China Sea), and became the first unified multi-ethnic feudal country in the history of China.
4. The role of the Qin Dynasty in the history of China:
(1) Qin wiped out the six countries and completed reunification, ending the situation of warlord melee since the Spring and Autumn Period and creating a new situation in the history of China;
(2) Centralization, an autocratic regime founded by the Qin Dynasty, has a far-reaching influence on later generations;
(3) The unification of currency, weights and measures and writing in the Qin Dynasty had an important impact on China's economic and cultural development and the maintenance of national unity;
④ Wan Li Great Wall, Lingqu and other important projects have been completed.
5, the evaluation of Qin Shihuang (understanding):
(1) Positive aspects:
(1) Eliminate the six countries, unify China and establish the first unified centralized feudal country in China.
(2) Take a series of measures to consolidate reunification: see (above) (except "burning books to bury Confucianism")
(2) Negative aspects:
(1) Abuse of people's resources, heavy corvee and taxes; (2) Making strict laws; (3) Burning books and burying Confucianism.
(3) In short, Qin Shihuang was an emperor with great achievements as well as greatness.
Lesson 11 "If you can't cut the Tao, you must punish Qin"
1. Qin's tyranny:
(1) corvee (2) heavy taxes (3) cruel criminal law (4) Qin Ershi's brutal rule.
What kind of prince would like to have?
2. Peasant Uprising in the Late Qin Dynasty
(1) Chen Guang Uprising
Time: 209 BC Location: osawa Township.
The causes of the outbreak are: ① delayed rainfall (direct cause); (2) the tyranny of the qin dynasty (root).
Significance: ① It dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qin Dynasty.
② It was the first large-scale peasant uprising in history.
Inspired millions of working people to rise up against cruel rule.
(2) Xiang Yu and Liu Bang Uprising
Xiang Yu: The Battle of Julu in 207 BC defeated Qin Jun's main force.
Liu Bang: In 207 BC, the rulers of the Qin Dynasty surrendered to Liu Bang, and the Qin Dynasty perished.
In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history.
(Error-prone: It was the insurgents led by Liu Bang who finally overthrew the Qin Dynasty)
Theme induction:
(1) is prone to errors.
Yuanmou, Lei Lei, Yao Su and Yu Shun, the ancestor of the Yellow Emperor, gave way to hereditary system. The Battle of Guilin, Qi Huangong, the ruling system of Shangyang in Dujiangyan, Li Sao's individualized teaching, and the ancient scholar in Ying Zheng burned books to bury Confucianism.
(2) household appliances reform
Stone tools-pottery-bronze-iron
(3) the evolution of characters
Oracle Bone Inscriptions-Jinwen-Dazhuan-Bamboo Slips-Xiaozhuan-Lishu
(4) War
Battle of Zhuolu, Battle of Makino, Battle of Chengpu, Battle of Guiling, Battle of Maling, Battle of Changping and Battle of Julu
(5) employing people
Tang (Yi Yin) (Jiang Shang) Qi Huangong (Guanzhong) Qin Xiaogong (Shang Yang)
(6) Idioms (understanding)
(1) the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period:
Admit a humble apology, return to Zhao completely, talk on paper, make a blockbuster, save Zhao by encircling Wei, establish a tree as a letter, crow and steal a dog, make a close friend, make a cold-faced friend, learn from others, cheat others, learn from others and recommend yourself.
(2) At the end of Qin Dynasty:
Pointing to the deer as a horse, cross the rubicon, make three chapters, be besieged on all sides, farewell my concubine, the last stop, strategize, clear the plank road, Xiang Zhuang's sword dance is intended to be Pei Gong, Chu River and Han Dynasty, the humiliation of the legs, and the promise of a thousand dollars.