(1) What is military thinking?
As far as its basic meaning is concerned, military thought is mainly a rational understanding of war and military issues. Military thought is an important part of military science. It reveals the essence of war, the basic laws of war, the general principles of army construction and use, and reflects the achievements of military research as a whole. This complete military ideological system is also called military theory.
There are many objects and contents in the study of military thought, which are generally the principles and principles of military construction and use, including: war view, national defense thought, combat thought, army building thought, military philosophy and so on.
(2) What is China's ancient thought?
China's ancient military thought refers to the rational understanding of war and military issues by all classes, groups, their militarists and military works in slave society and feudal society. The research object and content are basically the same as military thoughts, but the time is limited.
The Formation Process of China's Ancient Military Thought
The formation process of China's ancient military thought can be divided into four stages, which can be expressed in four sentences:
The first stage: the first bud (formation stage) in Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties.
1, time: from about 2/kloc-0 BC to the 8th century BC, China was a slave society.
2. The main characteristics of the war are: the weapons are mainly wood and stone tools, and the combat mode is basically close-range formation for group hand-to-hand combat. After Shang dynasty, chariots were gradually dominant, and a phalanx formation with chariots as the core was formed in the battle, which produced some budding military thoughts.
3. Military thoughts: First, military affairs as a special means of internal rule. Because there was less external aggression at that time, the army mainly undertook the task of governing vassals and suppressing slave resistance. The second is to govern the army with "ceremony" and "punishment". The third is superstition, which forms a view of war based on destiny. Examples of wars are flood fighting in the Spring and Autumn Period, Warring States Period and Song and Chu Period.
Representative works: military affairs, military records.
The second stage: gradual maturity in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (mature stage).
1 Time: The 8th century BC to the end of 3rd century BC was a transitional period from slave society to feudal society.
Characteristics of war: during this period, the changes and development of war are obvious. First, from the form of war, the wars of hegemony and annexation are very intense and frequent, about 600 times, and the number of soldiers is gradually increasing, from thousands to hundreds of thousands; This war has been going on for a long time. In previous wars, the problem was solved in World War I, and then it lasted for months or even years. Second, from the military technology point of view, the manufacture of iron weapons has reached a fairly high level. Military fortification technology has also been greatly improved, and some countries have built defensive cities and the Great Wall. Offensive and defensive equipment has also begun to increase, such as the use of ladders.
3. Military thinking: First, a relatively complete concept of war has been formed, such as "soldiers, national affairs, places of life and death, and ways of survival must be observed." It has been accepted by all countries; Second, we have always adopted some guiding principles of war, such as "victory without fighting" and "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle." Third, military struggle, political struggle and diplomatic struggle are carried out at the same time or alternately, such as the Jin-Chu War, which reflects this idea to some extent.
During this period, some famous military monographs were produced. Among the seven martial arts works that have been regarded as military classics in feudal society, five were produced in this period, including Sun Tzu's Art of War, which is the most influential basic work of military theory in China and even in the world.
Masterpieces: Sun Tzu, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Wei Liaozi, Tamia Liu, etc.
The third stage: the development coincided with the Qin and Five Dynasties (development stage), but Ai Ban pointed out that China's military thought was basically in a state of stagnation in feudal society.
1' Time: From the 3rd century BC to the middle of the10th century, China experienced five dynasties, namely Qin, Han, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was the rising stage of feudal social development.
2. Characteristics of war: After the Qin Dynasty unified the world, it entered the era of iron weapons, cavalry became the protagonist of war forces, and a new service emerged-the navy.
3. Military thinking: 1. Strategic thinking tends to be perfect and mature, and Zhuge Liang's Longzhong Dui became a model for decision-making at that time. Second, there have been many military books summarizing the experience of military struggle, which are characterized by illustrating problems through war cases, such as Li Wen is Right.
The fourth stage: self-contained system Song Jiayou (system stage)
1, Time: From about 960 AD to 1840 AD, China experienced the Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties (the early stage), which was the late stage of feudal society and an important period for the formation of China's ancient military thought system.
2. The characteristics of war: firearms are gradually widely used, and the war has entered the era of cold weapons and hot weapons.
3. Military thoughts: First, martial arts began to be incorporated into the national education system, establishing the orthodox position of the art of war; Second, there are a large number of art books with complete categories, *** 18 15, accounting for more than 3/4 of the total number of ancient art books; Third, the art of war is general and self-contained. Song Renzong listed seven military classics as required books for martial arts, which made China's scattered ancient military thoughts form a system and become its own.
Third, the basic content of China's ancient military thought.
As we all know, the military thoughts produced by different representatives in different periods are different.
Taking Sun Tzu's Art of War as an example, this paper briefly describes the basic contents of China's ancient military thought;
(1) The concept of war based on benevolence was formed at the early stage of slave society and basically matured at the end of slave society, which mainly includes two meanings:
(1) The pillar of war-benevolence-oriented. Sima Fa made it clear at the beginning: "The ancients took benevolence as the foundation and righteousness as the rule. If they don't get a will, they have rights. "
(2) A war is well known.
It is true that this simple view of war was limited by the historical conditions at that time. After all, it represents the interests of the emerging landlord class. Benevolence is only to deal with the internal relations of the emerging landlord class, and the "people" are willing to obey their rule. Under the historical conditions at that time, there was still some historical progress. Of course, it also laid the foundation for future generations to understand and study this war. For example, "those who get the word help more."
(2) The guiding principle of winning without fighting.
Standing on the position of the new landlord, Sun Tzu observed the war with relatively advanced ideas and methods at that time, clearly supported the war in theory and called on people to actively study and participate in the war. His thought of four wars (emphasizing war, being cautious about war, preparing for war and being good at war) constitutes the guiding principle of "winning without war" .
1 attaches great importance to war and attaches great importance to the research and preparation of war. According to Sun Tzu's Art of War, war is a top priority related to the life and death of the country's people, and we have to study and treat it seriously.
2. The idea of caution in war, that is, being cautious about war, not speaking lightly about war, and the military thought of "not moving for profit, not using it, not fighting in danger" have important reference value for us to deal with international issues and regional conflicts.
3. Prepare for war. "The way to fight is to rely on us not to come and rely on us; Don't rely on it to attack, just rely on us to attack something. "
4. The idea of being good at fighting. Is to fight with soldiers. First, pay attention to the multi-factor winning theory led by Tao. Second, the temple theory, before the war, to plan and co-ordinate the overall situation of the war, to formulate a feasible strategic policy. Third, sophistry wins.
Battle example: Battle of Maling
The Qi army won for three reasons: first, it chose the right time and direction to send troops to ensure the initiative in the war; Second, proper planning, reducing the stove to lure the enemy; Third, ambush, choose narrow and favorable Maling Road terrain, adopt effective attack methods, and win the decisive battle.
(C) the idea of "know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle". In Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Tzu wrote: "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight a hundred battles." Sun Wu's concise language points out the universal law of war. The battle of Laiwu during the War of Liberation strongly proved this point. Knowing yourself and yourself is helpful to politics, diplomacy, economy and even life.
(d): The strategy of defeating the enemy without fighting. Since ancient times, the direct purpose of war is to save oneself and destroy the enemy. On this issue, Sun Tzu has already had a certain understanding. Sun Tzu's thought not only has far-reaching historical significance, but also has guiding value to reality, which is embodied in:
1' s thought of conquering the enemy without fighting is a humanitarian military thought. Judging from the development of ancient war history, it freed the war from cruel slaughter and led to a more civilized struggle to save the enemy's manpower and material resources for our use. Although the unique confrontation, militancy and destructiveness of war cannot be attributed to the idea of "conquering the enemy without fighting", if all people who know war adhere to this idea, even if it is necessary to fight to decide the outcome, it will greatly reduce the indiscriminate killing and destruction in the war. It should be said that the proposal of "conquering the enemy without fighting" is a reflection of the development of human social civilization on the issue of war.
"It is feasible to defeat the enemy without fighting. For example, in 6 18 BC, the king of Chu led a crusade. Zheng Hechen was frightened by the threat of Chu and surrendered without fighting.
3. Defeating the enemy without fighting is an advanced art of war guidance, which has important practical value and strategic guiding significance. Its essence lies in using force as the backing, strategy and threat as the means to win great victory at a small cost. He combines political struggle, diplomatic struggle, economic struggle and military struggle, and it is a threat strategy that combines strategy, decision and war. He is not limited by time and space, and is not only used by military strategists.
Of course, this does not mean that all wars can be like this. In a class society, war is basically inevitable. Defeating the enemy without fighting can only be a form of contradiction transformation between the two sides of the war under certain conditions, and it cannot replace the general law of war. Her realization requires certain conditions, that is, one of the warring parties has obvious advantages in military strength and conforms to the historical trend politically.
The will of the people, while the soldiers of the other side have no fighting spirit, and there are many internal contradictions, and the war will undoubtedly lose. Under such conditions, it is possible for one side to maintain a strong military threat to the other side and defeat the enemy without fighting, otherwise it can only be a fantasy.
(5) Fighting for feelings is manifested in "causing people without causing people" and seizing the initiative. It is emphasized that we should adopt flexible and targeted winning methods according to the specific situation of the battlefield, because the situation on the battlefield is ever-changing, "the soldiers are unpredictable and the water is unpredictable." Only by seeking truth from facts and using tactics and principles can we be invincible forever. For example, the Battle of Julu fully embodies Xiang Yu's career.
(6) Dialectical mode of thinking in which the singularity and the positive coexist. Sun Tzu emphasized strangeness and benefit in the use of troops. He said, "Every fighter wins by luck and justice. Curiosity is an important military contradiction in ancient China, which has been expounded and used by military strategists in past dynasties. Generally speaking, the strange and right are always right, and the reform is strange. Example: During the Korean War, the United States landed in Incheon.
(7) Choose talents and appoint people, and use them wisely. Pay attention to thinking, choosing and using them.
4. The practical significance of China's ancient military thought:
(1) Understand history and enhance national pride and pride.
(2) Make the past serve the present and find out the propeller of national progress.
Extensive learning and intelligence.
1, usually, what are the characteristics of military thought?
First, it has profound practicability; Second, it has a distinct class nature; Third, it has a strong sense of the times; Fourth, it has obvious inheritance; Fifth, keep innovating.
2. What was China's ancient military thought?
China's ancient military thought refers to the military theory that came into being and developed during thousands of years from Xia Dynasty to early Qing Dynasty (2 1 century BC to AD 1840). It played an important guiding role in China's slave society and feudal dynasty wars.
3. The historical dynasties and important symbols of the germination, formation, maturity and development of China's ancient military thoughts?
China's ancient military thought sprouted in Xia and Shang Dynasties, formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty, matured in the Spring and Autumn Period, and developed in the long historical period from the Warring States to the early Qing Dynasty. For its important symbols, please refer to pages 3-6 of the tutorial.
4. What are the five basic strategic elements (five things) put forward in Sun Tzu's Art of War that determine the outcome of a war?
The five basic strategic elements (five things) put forward by Sun Tzu's Art of War include: Tao, Heaven, Earth, General and Law.
5. What are the masterpieces of Sun Wu, the greatest military thinker in ancient China, Wei Yuan, a modern military thinker, and Qi Jiguang, an outstanding anti-Japanese star?
Sun Wu's most famous masterpiece is The Art of War, Wei Yuan's masterpiece is A Drop in the Sea, and Qi Jiguang's masterpiece is Training.
Modern military thought: