The formation of Dongping Lake
In the fifth year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1855), when the Yellow River broke through the copper tile in Lankao and took the Daqing River into the sea in East Ayushan, the Qing government was trying its best to expand its army and suppress it, unable to take care of the river course. The dispute of blocking the mouth and changing the river has been unresolved for a long time, and only the people are advised to build the river. In the first year of Guangxu (A.D. 1875), Ding Baozhen, Governor of Shandong Province, presided over the construction of Dong Zhang Dike (now Nanjin Dike), with Shilibao at the junction of the Yellow River and the Grand Canal as the lowest end. At that time, the local government had extended the levee to the lower Huang Zhuang of Yangzha. In less than ten years, the dike below Shilibao burst and no dike was built. Only the small people built by the masses between the mountain passes have low defense ability. Moreover, after the Yellow River diverted into the sea of Daqing River, the original channel of Daqing River was "less than one-third of the depth and one-third of the width of the Yellow River, and ordinary floods had already flooded" (Jin Jian for Continued Water). The flood of the Yellow River has increased the recharge source of the depressions on both sides of the confluence of Daqing River and Grand Canal in the northeast of the former Liangshanpo, and raised the tail of the river flowing into the depressions. "When the Yellow River first entered Shandong, it went down the Daqing River", "The road to the sea after crossing Wenshui", "Wenshui can't be injected to the north, and cyclones flooded, so tens of millions of acres of fertile land in Dongping were handed over to Chen Bo" (19 15, the first report of the dredging preparation office of Shandong South Canal), which made the vast dry land overflow into a huge river. As a result, a new stagnant water area has been formed in this area, which is now the old lake area of Dongping Lake. With the siltation of the Yellow River rising, the area of accumulated water in the depression is expanding day by day. At that time, this newly formed stagnant water area was called "stagnant water depression". "Dongping Lake" first appeared in official documents. It was in the 22nd year of the Republic of China (AD 1933)65438+2 1 February that the government of the Republic of China held a canal seminar. According to the survey data in the Preliminary Report on the Layout of Huanghuai Canal, "Dongping Lake (Jianghuai level) is 38.9 meters high and the elevation of the lake bottom is 37. But the people of Dongping county are collectively called depressions rather than lakes. For example, on the map of mountains and rivers attached to Dongping County Annals published in the 24th year of the Republic of China (AD 1935), a large area of waterlogged land in the north of Anshan Town is called Jishuiwa (or Tushanwa), in the south it is called Anshanwa, and in the east it is called Feng Fan Erwa. The main reason is that the local government and the people in the lake area constantly demand the state to invest in governance and relief, and do not recognize Dongping Lake as a natural lake with perennial water accumulation. Until the spring of 1939, in order to lead the anti-Japanese struggle in the west of Dongping Lake more effectively, the West Central District Committee of Dongping Lake in China was established, with the general name of Dongping Lake. In this regard, "History of Dongping Lake" clearly points out: "Now Dongping Lake is not equal to Anshan Lake in history". After the formation of Dongping Lake, it was connected with the Yellow River through Qinghemen and the mountain pass below Shilibao, and became a natural flood detention area of the Yellow River, which obviously reduced the peak flow of the narrow river below Ai Shan, but brought a lot of sediment deposition in the import and export area, raised the flood storage level, made it more and more difficult for the lake to discharge, raised the bottom water level and gradually expanded the submerged area. In order to prevent the Yellow River and Wenhe River from flooding, the local people spontaneously reclaimed many flood-fighting houses, including: Zhuangminnian in Chinese mainland, Anjiemennian (between the west dike of the canal near Anshan Town and the south dike of Qinghe River in Xiehekou), Xiwangminnian, Xumaominnian, Jinshanba and Heihu Temple (Dongping County), etc. In this way, the water surface of Dongping Lake is limited to a certain range-"The levee west of the canal is Since then, Dongping Lake has not only received natural precipitation, but also been replenished by the Yellow River, Wenhe River and surface and underground water flows. Especially because the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was cut off by the Yellow River, the economic traffic function of Xiaowen River was lost and abandoned, and all the warm rivers crossed Daicun Dam and entered Dongping Lake, becoming a relatively stable perennial lake in Luxi Lake Group. In June of the 27th year of the Republic of China (A.D. 1938), after the Kuomintang troops blasted the Yellow River levee at Huayuankou, Henan Province, the Yellow River diverted south to seize the Huai River and enter the sea. The Yellow River in Shandong was cut off, and Dongping Lake basically dried up, and most of it was cultivated as farmland (Dongping Lake incident). From the natural flood detention area to Dongping Lake Reservoir1947 March 15, the Yellow River levee at Huayuankou was closed, and the Yellow River all returned to its original road. March 18 Yellow water flows into the intersection of Dongping Lake and Wenshui. Due to the disrepair and serious damage of the Yellow River levee in Shandong Province, the original levee in Dongping Lake area, except the levee transported on both sides of the old canal, has been completely broken because most of the land in the lake area has dried up and was reclaimed during the migration of the Yellow River and Jiangnan. After the Yellow River returned to its original place, the local authorities spontaneously urged to repair and block it, but the standard was very low. During the flood season of 1949, the Yellow River experienced continuous flood peaks. On September 14, a flood peak appeared at Huayuankou, with a flow rate of12300m3/s. The water level exceeds 1937, and the flood is1-1.5m.. At first, it poured into the lake from the Qinghe estuary and the area of the silver willow family. On June 16, the Zhuang people in the mainland burst their banks, and the yellow water entered Dongping Lake. The water level of the lake rose sharply, so that the east and west levees of the canal either overflowed or burst, and almost the whole line crossed the water. The water level of the lake was as high as 44.86 meters. Not only 780,000 mu of cultivated land in 964 villages in Dongping, Liangshan and other lakeside areas was flooded, but also some land in Yuncheng, Jiaxiang, Jining, Juye and other counties nearby was flooded, with the affected area of 2,000 square kilometers, affecting cultivated land 1.5 million mu. However, after natural flood detention, it has played a significant role in reducing the threat of downstream floods and ensuring the safety of dikes. 1950 In the flood control decision issued by the Yellow River Flood Control Headquarters in July, Dongping Lake was identified as the natural flood detention area of the Yellow River. 1951May, the State Council decided to build a flood diversion and storage project in Dongping Lake area. Author: 124.206. 142. * 2007- 10- 12 2 1: 35
2 The formation of Dongping Lake As a national flood storage and detention project, the governance and construction of Dongping Lake can be roughly divided into four stages. First, limit the scope of natural stagnation and inundation to reduce disasters. After 1950, the new and old dikes near the Yellow River, the east-west dike of Jiapeiyun River and Jinxianling dike were built one after another, and the flood detention area was limited to Dongping and Liangshan, covering an area of about 800 square kilometers. Second, the separation of rivers and lakes reduces the chances of general floods entering the lake. In the past, because rivers and lakes were indistinguishable, floods came in and out. Generally, the Yellow River flows into the lake at a speed of about 7000 cubic meters per second. 1949- 1958 During the ten years, yellow water entered the lake for five years, which not only increased the flood loss in the lake area, but also increased the sediment deposition in the lake area, reduced the storage capacity and raised the bottom water level. After 1958, lakes and rivers were separated by dikes, and buildings entering and leaving the lakes were built on dikes one after another. The Yellow River water that is lower than the flood discharge capacity of the downstream channel can be mastered without diverting into the lake, and the reserved storage capacity can centrally store the flood peaks that exceed the flood discharge capacity of the downstream channel. Therefore, it not only greatly reduces the application opportunities of Dongping Lake, but also significantly improves the role of reducing flood peaks. The third is to rebuild it into a reservoir to improve the peak shaving and water storage capacity. After the flood of 1958, in order to prevent the Yellow River from flooding, the original flood detention area was transformed into Dongping Lake Reservoir, and a dam of 100 km was added. The flood storage and detention area has been reduced from 943 square kilometers to 632 square kilometers, and the flood storage capacity has been increased from 3.5 billion cubic meters to 4 billion cubic meters. The fourth is the graded utilization of new and old lakes. Because the reservoir not only undertakes the flood diversion task of the Yellow River, but also accepts all incoming water from the Wenhe River, according to the flood situation of the Yellow River and Wenhe River, there are many general floods and few catastrophic floods, and the probability of a major flood in Huangwen is even smaller. Therefore, after 1963, with the reconstruction of Weishan hub, on the basis of the original canal west dike and old yellow dike, the old canal mouth was filled and blocked near Anshan Town, and the three were integrated. At present, the total area of Dongping Lake Reservoir is 627 square kilometers, including 209 square kilometers in the old lake area, 4 18 square kilometers in the new lake area, and the flood control level in the new and old lake areas is 44.5 meters, with a corresponding storage capacity of 3.042 billion cubic meters, including 882 million cubic meters in the old lake area and 21600,000 cubic meters in the new lake area. The design flood control standard of Shandong Yellow River is 22,000m3/s at Huayuankou Station, and the flow at Ai Shan Station should be controlled not to exceed10000m3/s, and the excess part should be stored in Dongping Lake. The application principle is: according to the flood volume of the Yellow River and Wenhe River, give full play to the storage capacity of the old lake and try not to use the new lake. When the old lake can't meet the requirements of flood detention and the new and old lakes need to be used together, the new lake should be used to divert the flood of the Yellow River to reduce the siltation of the old lake and achieve the purpose of flood storage. Dongping Lake Reservoir has 65,438+000 kilometers of dams around the lake, 26.7 kilometers of secondary dikes and 7 large culverts, namely, Lin Xin and Shilibao flood storage gates, Chenshankou and Qinghemen flood storage gates, Pangkou backflow prevention gate, Shi Wa flood storage gate and emergency flood discharge gate. It has become one of the important projects to ensure flood control safety in the lower reaches of the Yellow River.