There are some compulsory contents in philosophy, that is, dialectics (connecting development (focusing on quantitative change and qualitative change) contradiction (focusing on the characteristics of principal contradiction, secondary contradiction and contradiction), historical materialism and epistemology. Remember that the outline is used for multiple-choice questions, but when answering questions, we should pay attention to methodology and choose the method of solving problems, and the effect is very good.
This is the outline, but I don't think you can finish reading it before the exam, and you don't have much patience to stay online, so I typed ""to indicate that you should have a good look ~ OK?
materialism
1 materiality principle of the world: the essence of the world is matter.
㊣ Methodology: Proceed from reality and seek truth from facts.
The principle that matter determines consciousness: matter determines consciousness, and consciousness is the reflection of matter.
Methodology: It requires proceeding from reality, seeking truth from facts, being subjective and objective, and opposing subjectivism.
3 Reaction principle of consciousness: consciousness plays a guiding role in transforming the objective world, regulating people's physiological adjustment activities, correct consciousness promotes the development of objective things, and wrong consciousness hinders the development of objective things.
Methodology: We are required to attach importance to the role of spirit and establish correct customer service ideas and wrong customer service ideas.
Principle of inseparability between matter and motion: motion is the inherent attribute and existing mode of matter, and there is no motion without matter in the world. Motion is the motion of matter, and matter is the undertaker of motion.
㊣ Methodology: unify matter and movement, and oppose idealism and metaphysical thinking of talking about matter without matter.
Principle of dialectical relationship between static and dynamic: motion is unconditional, eternal and absolute; Is still conditional,
Temporary, relative; There is stillness in motion, and there is stillness in motion. The existence and development of everything in the world is the unity of absolute motion and relative stillness.
㊣ Methodology: We should not only recognize the absolute motion of things, but also see the relative stillness of things in the process of motion, and adhere to the unity of absolute motion and relative stillness.
Principle of legal objectivity; Law is the inherent essence, inevitable connection and stable connection in the process of things' existence. The law is universal. Law exists objectively, its existence and development are independent of human will, and it cannot be transformed, changed and destroyed, which is manifested in its irresistible power. Once it violates the objective laws, it will be punished by law.
㊣ Methodology: Thinking and doing things must proceed from reality, act according to objective laws and seek truth from facts.
Principle 7 of the relationship between man and law: law is universal and objective. On the basis of respecting the law, people can give full play to their subjective initiative, understand the law, and apply it according to the conditions and forms in which the law plays its role, so as to transform the objective world and benefit mankind.
Methodology: We should not only insist on proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, but also emancipate our minds and keep pace with the times. We should combine subjective initiative with respect for objective laws, and combine a high degree of revolutionary enthusiasm with a rigorous and down-to-earth scientific attitude. We should not only oppose voluntarism that exaggerates the dynamic role of consciousness, but also oppose the idea of one-sided emphasis on objective conditions, complacency, conformism and inaction.
Epistemological epistemological
㊣ (I remember this idle time ~) 1 Principle of dialectical relationship between practice and cognition: practice determines cognition, and practice is the basis of cognition. Practice is the source of cognition, the driving force of cognition development, the only criterion for testing the truth of cognition, and the purpose and destination of cognition. Understanding reacts on practice, and correct understanding promotes the development of practice, especially scientific theory plays a great guiding role in practice, while wrong understanding hinders the development of practice.
Methodology: Establish the viewpoint of practice first, actively participate in practice, adhere to the combination of theory and practice, attach importance to the role of theory in practice, especially give play to the guiding role of scientific theory, and oppose the theory being divorced from reality.
Truth is an objective, concrete and conditional principle: truth is objective, concrete and conditional.
Methodology: In practical work, we should achieve the historical unity of practice and theory, take time and place as the shift, adhere to the truth and oppose fallacies.
㊣3 Knowledge is repetitive, infinite and constantly improving. Principle: Knowledge is repetitive, infinite and rising.
㊣ Methodology: We are required to keep pace with the times, innovate constantly, constantly recognize and discover truth in practice, test and develop truth in practice, and oppose one-sided and rigid treatment of truth.
dialectic
1 the universality principle of connection: connection is the mutual influence, mutual restriction and mutual restriction between things and the elements inside things. The connection of things is universal, and everything in the world is in universal connection.
㊣ Methodology: Insist on looking at problems from the perspective of contact and oppose looking at problems in isolation.
Principle of objectivity and diversity of contact: contact is inherent in the thing itself and is not transferred by human will. The connection of things is conditional and diverse.
Methodology: grasp things from their internal relations, keep in mind subjectivity and arbitrariness, establish new concrete relations according to their internal relations, and take time and place conditions as the transfer.
The "3" principle of the dialectical relationship between the whole and the part: the whole and the part are different from each other, the whole is in a dominant position, the whole dominates the part, and it has functions that the part does not have; Part is in a dominant position in the process of the existence and development of things, and part serves and obeys the whole.
The whole and the parts are interrelated and inseparable, and the whole is composed of parts. Without parts, the whole will cease to exist, and the functions and changes of some parts will affect the whole, and the functions and changes of key parts will even play a decisive role in the whole function. Part is a part of the whole. Without the whole, the part is not a part, and the functional state of the whole and its changes will affect the part.
Methodology: establish a holistic view, base on the whole, make overall plans, choose the best scheme, achieve the overall optimal goal, and achieve the ideal effect that the overall function is greater than the sum of some functions; We must attach importance to the role of the local, do a good job of the local, and promote the overall development with the development of the local.
Principle of change and development of things: Everything changes and develops, and the essence of development is the progress and rise of things, the emergence and demise of new things.
㊣ Methodology: observe and analyze problems from a developmental point of view, and oppose looking at problems in a static way.
Principle of dialectical relationship between progress and vacillation: the future of things is bright and the road is tortuous.
Methodology: full of confidence in the future, enthusiastic support and careful protection of the bud of new things, and promote their growth; We should also be fully prepared mentally, constantly overcome difficulties on the road ahead, and bravely accept setbacks and tests.
Principle of the relationship between quantitative change and qualitative change: the development of anything is the unity of quantitative change and qualitative change, and the development of things always begins with quantitative change, which is the necessary preparation for qualitative change, and qualitative change is the inevitable result of quantitative change.
Methodology: actively accumulate quantity to create conditions for realizing qualitative change of things. When the quantitative change reaches a certain level, we should resolutely seize the opportunity to promote qualitative change, realize the leap and development of things, and prevent rushing for success or indecision and lack of confidence.
Principle of universality of contradiction machine: contradiction is both opposite and unified, contradiction is universal, everything is contradictory, and sometimes there are contradictions.
Methodology: We should adhere to the dichotomy and two-point theory to look at problems comprehensively, prevent one-sidedness, admit contradictions, analyze contradictions, dare to expose contradictions and find the correct methods to solve them.
Principle of particularity of contradiction: contradiction has particularity, and contradictory things and each side have their own characteristics.
Methodology: specific analysis of specific problems, against one size fits all.
Principle of the relationship between universality and particularity of contradiction: the universality and particularity of contradiction are dialectical unity and inseparable. The universality and particularity of contradictions are linked together. On the one hand, universality lies in particularity and is manifested through particularity. Without particularity, there is no universality. On the other hand, particularity is inseparable from universality. The universality and particularity of contradictions can be transformed into each other on different occasions.
㊣ Methodology: Adhere to the universality and particularity of contradictions and the concrete unity of * * * history and individuality.
㊣ 10 principle of the relationship between principal contradiction and secondary contradiction: the principal contradiction is dominant and plays a decisive role in the development of things, while the secondary contradiction is subordinate and does not play a decisive role. The principal contradiction and the secondary contradiction are interdependent and can be transformed under certain conditions.
Methodology: Look at the problem comprehensively and distinguish the mainstream from the tributaries.
㊣㊣㊣㊣㊣㊣㊣㊣125438+01The principle of unity of two-point theory and key theory: two-point theory and key theory are closely linked, two points are two points with key points, and the key point is the key point of two points.
Methodology: two-point theory should be emphasized uniformly, and one-point balance theory should be opposed to metaphysics.
"Just being polite. 12 dialectical negation principle; Dialectical negation is the negation of things themselves, that is, denying themselves and developing themselves. Dialectical negation is the link between development and contact. The essence of dialectical negation is sublation, which is neither simply affirming everything nor simply denying everything. In fact, there must be negation, that is, overcoming and reserving.
㊣ (As long as you understand) Methodology: Establish a sense of innovation, seek truth from facts, respect book knowledge and authority, base on practice, emancipate your mind, seek truth from facts, keep pace with the times, and constantly realize the innovative development of theory and practice.
13 revolutionary critical spirit and innovative consciousness principle of dialectics: the essence of dialectics is critical, revolutionary and innovative; Revolutionary critical spirit and innovative consciousness are the inherent requirements of materialist dialectics; The revolutionary critical spirit of dialectics is closely related to the innovative consciousness. Innovation is a breakthrough in existing theory and practice, and innovation needs criticism and development.
Methodology: Pay close attention to the changing reality, dare to break through outdated conventions and customs that are inconsistent with reality, intervene to get rid of backward ideas and concepts, pay attention to studying new situations, be good at raising new questions, dare to discover new ideas, establish new concepts and open up new realms.
14 the role of innovation: innovation is a breakthrough in existing theoretical practice, and innovation needs criticism and development.
Innovation promotes the development of social productive forces.
Innovation promotes the transformation of social relations of production and social system.
The year of innovation has promoted the development of human thinking and culture.
Innovation is the soul of a nation's progress and an inexhaustible motive force for a country's prosperity.
Strength is also the source of a political party's eternal vitality.
historical materialism
㊣ 1 principle of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness: social existence determines social consciousness. Social consciousness has a dynamic reaction to social existence, which should change with the development of social existence. Correct social consciousness can promote social existence, while unscientific social consciousness will hinder social existence.
㊣ Methodology: Pay attention to the formation of scientific social consciousness and establish correct values.
The masses are the creators and subjects of social history: they are the creators and subjects of social history, and they are the creators of material wealth and spiritual wealth and the decisive force of social change.
Methodology: Establish the mass viewpoint, believe in the masses, liberate yourself, serve the people wholeheartedly, be responsible for everything, and learn from the masses with an open mind: take the mass line, do everything for the masses, rely on the masses, come from the masses and go to the masses.
Outlook on life and values
㊣ 1 the guiding role of values: values play an important guiding role in people's understanding and transformation of the world and their choice of life path. Correct values promote the development of things, while wrong values hinder the development of things.
Methodology: Establish and develop correct values that conform to the laws of social development and the fundamental interests of mankind, and give play to the guiding role of correct values.
The real value of life lies in the contribution to society: the value of life includes two aspects. One is the responsibility and contribution of individuals to society, but the respect and satisfaction of society to individuals, and the unity of social value and self-value. The real value of life lies in the contribution to society.
㊣ Methodology: Realize one's own life value in the dedication to society.
The realization of life value needs certain subjective and objective conditions.
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Methodology We should create value in labor dedication.
Realizing value in the unity of individual and society
Strive for success through self-improvement.
If you just have to cope with the final term, that's all. If you take the college entrance examination, you should be very skilled. Good luck in the exam.
Supplement:
Oh, by the way, there are many universal formulas, so it's better to summarize them yourself. At that time, I got eight or nine pieces of paper ~ ~ Of course, I should also pay attention to my blind spots. I don't have a political book in my hand, so I can't call you.