France: the role of presidential republic: 1, which marks the final establishment of bourgeois republic; 2. Promoted the development of French industrial capitalism. It is the product of compromise between royalists and bourgeois republicans, and the French Republic has not been consolidated.
America: The Role of the Presidential Republic: 1, the first written constitution in the modern world. It stipulates that the United States should become a federal presidential republic. 3. The federal republic it established is still valid, which ensures the long-term stability of the United States and promotes the social and economic development of the United States. But slavery and racial discrimination have not been abolished.
Germany: the role of constitutional monarchy: 65,438+0) marks the establishment of constitutional monarchy of German bourgeoisie; 2) It is beneficial to the development of German capitalism and makes Germany among the world powers; 3) It has a strong feudal military color.
(2) The historical role of the Westernization Movement: 1. Accelerated the process of semi-colonization of China. People who hold this view are Qi (then signed "Han Sheng"), Mou Anshi and others. 2. Delayed the process of China's semi-colonization. This theory is represented by Kong Lingren, Li and Li. The Westernization Movement was a self-help reform movement of the feudal landlord class in Qing Dynasty in order to maintain its dominant position.
The historical role of the Revolution of 1911: 1. This is a great bourgeois-democratic revolution in modern China. It overthrew the Qing Dynasty. 3. It ended the imperial system. 4. It established a bourgeois democratic republic. The people have gained some democracy and rights. 6. It objectively attacked the imperialist aggression. 7. It has created conditions for the development of Chinese national capitalism.
(3) The government is the executive organ of state power and the state administrative organ. The government aims at serving the people and is responsible for their names. The people are the masters of the country. People should fulfill their obligations.
(4) The drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union are the result of a combination of factors.
(1). The drastic changes in the Soviet Union are the result of the interaction of internal and external factors. The internal cause is the development and intensification of various contradictions in the Soviet Union, and the external cause is the influence of the peaceful evolution strategy of western countries. However, the key reason for the success of peaceful evolution lies in the Soviet Union. It is precisely because the traditional model of the Soviet Union is outdated and has not been updated for a long time, which hinders the development of productive forces and leads to an increasingly serious social crisis. Moreover, the reform of the Soviet Union carried out the wrong route, which led to the failure of the reform.
(2) The drastic changes in the Soviet Union have both historical and practical reasons. Historical reasons are deep-seated and fundamental things, while realistic reasons are the direct fuse. Historical reasons include the contradiction between the outdated and rigid economic system and the inherent requirements of contemporary scientific and technological development; Serious bureaucracy and contradiction between cadres and the masses; Hegemonic foreign policy and contradictions among the people. The realistic reason is that the Soviet Union * * * turned the system reform into a social system transition, that is, the ruling party * * * made mistakes in the reform, which became the direct cause of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union.
(3) On the social structure level, there are many reasons for the disintegration of the Soviet Union, including economic reasons, political reasons, ideological and cultural reasons and foreign policy reasons, but economic factors play a decisive role. Although the Soviet Union has made great achievements in economic construction for decades, the people's living standards have not improved much, which is directly related to the arms race between the United States and the Soviet Union. The people gradually lost confidence in CPSU and the socialist system of the Soviet Union, which was the fundamental reason for the disintegration of the Soviet Union.
(4) As far as CPSU itself is concerned, there are ideological, political and organizational reasons that led to the drastic changes in the Soviet Union. Ideological line plays a fundamental role in this, because both political line and organizational line are formulated under the guidance of ideological line. From Stalin to the 1980s, the Soviet Union never got rid of the rigid and dogmatic bondage of mandatory ideology. The "Left" line has brought disastrous consequences to the socialist construction of the Soviet Union. In the mid-1980s, after Gorbachev came to power, he suddenly jumped from the "left" extreme to the "right" extreme, showing a complete denial of Soviet history, which eventually triggered a devastating general crisis.
Reflections and lessons from the disintegration of the Soviet Union and the drastic changes in Eastern Europe.
(1), the fundamental purpose of socialist construction is to liberate and develop productive forces and improve people's living standards, especially in backward countries.
(2) To build socialism, we must proceed from our national conditions and independently explore the socialist construction mode with our own characteristics. Copying with other countries' models will eventually lead to failure.
(3) Socialist countries must attach importance to the construction of the ruling party. Ideologically, we should advocate the style of proceeding from reality and seeking truth from facts, and organizationally, we should implement the principle of democratic centralism.
(4) "Right" can destroy socialism, and "Left" can also destroy socialism. The direct cause of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union is right opportunism, that is, voluntarily giving up the leadership of * * *. The experience of the Soviet Union tells us that criticizing the "Left" dogmatism should proceed from a historical point of view and be comprehensively analyzed, instead of simply denying history.
(5) Reform is the most effective way to maintain the vitality and vigor of the socialist system. Reform must be deeply rooted in China's national conditions, and the success or failure of reform must be centered on the development of productive forces, with economic growth, the enhancement of comprehensive national strength and the improvement of people's living standards as the yardstick.
(6) The socialist society should be an open social system, which should be open not only internally but also externally.
(7) Be alert to the "peaceful evolution" of socialism in western countries.