Article 1: The invasion of foreign powers and the resistance of China people (invasion: two Opium Wars, Sino-French War, Sino-Japanese War, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China; Resistance: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Sanyuanli, Boxer Rebellion, bloody battle in Langfang)

Article 2: Modernization of China society (modernization refers to economic industrialization (Westernization, the Qing government relaxed restrictions on private factories after the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, encouraged industries, the provisional government of the Republic of China rewarded industries, and the national government's economic construction movement), ideological and cultural democratization (Reform Movement, Revolution of 1911, New Culture Movement, May 4th Movement, etc.). ).