Archives refer to various forms of historical records, such as words, charts, audio-visual and so on, which are directly formed by past and present state institutions, social organizations and individuals engaged in political, military, economic, scientific, technological, cultural and religious activities and are of preservation value to the country and society.
2. What is the essential attribute of archives?
Archives are original historical records, which are the main characteristics and essential attributes of archives. Because archives are different from other historical relics and information materials because of their originality and documentary characteristics, archives pay attention to originals, manuscripts and orphan copies.
3. What kinds of archives include?
According to the different attributes of archives and the needs of scientific management, archives can be divided into different categories. For example, according to the source, it can be divided into state organ files, enterprise files, celebrity files and so on. According to the content, it can be divided into administrative files, litigation files and scientific and technological files. According to the recording method, it can be divided into text files, graphic files and audio-visual files; According to time, it can be divided into ancient archives, modern archives and modern archives; According to ownership, it can be divided into state-owned archives, collective-owned archives and individual-owned archives.
At present, in China, archives are usually divided into document archives, scientific and technological archives, special archives and audio-visual archives.
text
Words, etymologically speaking, mean things that are woven. This is quite similar to China's concept of "Wen". "Wen" takes human form, refers to tattoos and refers to patterns. The Preface of Shuowen Jiezi said: "Write a book first, such as pictographic characters, so it is called a text." "The author is the foundation of the image." Both objects and images have granular colors because they are called "text". "Zhouyi? Under the copula, I recorded Fu's Bird Watching and Animals, as well as the patterns and colorful feathers on birds and animals. The book also contains "words". The shapes and lines of objects are intertwined and are also words. " Observe astronomy, observe the change of time, observe human nature and turn it into the world. Shuowen Jiezi interprets "Wen" as "wrong painting". "
However, the concept of words later became mainly: "any words fixed by writing." For linguists, text refers to the visible and perceptible surface structure of a work, which is a coherent sequence of a series of sentences connected in series. The text may be just a sentence, such as proverbs, aphorisms, signs, etc. But it is usually composed of a series of sentences. The difference between a text and a paragraph is that the text constitutes a relatively closed and self-sufficient system. Lautmann, a symbolist of the former Soviet Union, pointed out that the text is a representation, that is, it is represented by certain symbols; It is limited, with both a head and a tail; It has an internal structure. Roland? On the one hand, Barthes' text is signifier, that is, the actual language symbols and their words, sentences, paragraphs and chapters, on the other hand, it is signified, that is, fixed, definite and single meaning, which is limited by the correctness of expressing this meaning. The above gives a basic definition of text which is technically neutral.
The word "text" comes from English text, and there are many translations of this text, text, discourse and text. This word is widely used in linguistics and stylistics and plays an active role in literary theory and criticism. But the meaning is rich and difficult to define, which brings some difficulties to practical application and understanding. Generally speaking, text is the practical application form of language. On a specific occasion, a text is a whole sentence or sentence system based on certain linguistic cohesion and semantic coherence rules, which needs readers to read.