The beginning of China's modernization exploration. Some people of insight in the ruling class of the Qing Dynasty, such as Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong, changed the arrogant attitude of Yelang. They tried to learn advanced science and technology from the west to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty. Therefore, from the 1960s, the Westernization School organized modern military industry and civilian industry with great fanfare under the slogan of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth" and under the guise of "learning from foreigners", and cultivated a new army and navy. They set off a wave of westernization by mining, repairing railways, running posts and telecommunications, running schools and sending overseas students abroad. They introduced advanced science and technology from the west, and the first batch of modern enterprises appeared in China. The Westernization Movement accumulated production experience for modern enterprises in China, cultivated technical strength, broke through the social atmosphere that stifled the development of productive forces, objectively promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism, and opened the way for China's modernization.

The Westernization School has established a series of military enterprises and civilian enterprises, using new machines for production, and industrialization with military industry as the main body has developed. The Westernization School advocated "Chinese style and western use", and the modernization of the political system failed, so it could not be put on the agenda. Westernization School established a new school, sent overseas students for further study, and trained a number of translators, military and scientific talents. Modernization has gradually penetrated from the economic field to the fields of science, technology, culture and talent education.

Reform Movement of 1898: In 1970s, national capitalism appeared in China. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, national capitalism developed initially. Under the background of national peril at the end of19th century, the bourgeois reformists represented by Kang Youwei followed the trend of the times and advocated political reform and reform. They ran schools and newspapers, translated books in western languages, wrote letters to Emperor Guangxu, organized strong societies, vigorously introduced and disseminated social and political theories and natural science knowledge of western capitalism, promoted cultural exchanges between China and the West, broke the closed psychology and narrow-minded conservative state formed by China for thousands of years, denied the sacred position of feudal orthodoxy, and fundamentally changed the spontaneous and passive situation of learning from the West in the past. The Reform Movement of 1898 was the first bourgeois enlightenment movement in the history of China, and it was also an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement. It played an enlightening role in the society, was conducive to the spread of bourgeois revolutionary ideas, and had a far-reaching impact on China's future politics, economy and thoughts.

Revolution of 1911: The failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 marked the bankruptcy of the bourgeoisie and the establishment of a bourgeois constitutional monarchy. Since then, the bourgeois revolutionary trend of thought to overthrow feudal rule and establish a democratic Republic has risen. The great revolutionary forerunner, Dr. Sun Yat-sen, founded the China League, which greatly promoted the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary activities throughout the country. He followed the world trend and put forward the Three People's Principles from the reality of China. It is the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen leading the Revolution of 1911. 19 1 1 The Wuchang Uprising received a national response. 19 12, Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China, and announced the formal establishment of the Republic of China. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than two thousand years. Nanjing Provisional Government promulgated measures to reward and protect industry and commerce, which cleared the way for the development of economic industrialization. After the Revolution of 1911, "saving the country by industry" became the main social trend of thought, and great progress was made in the development of national capitalism and economic industrialization. The Revolution of 1911 overthrew thousands of years of feudal autocracy, established a bourgeois democratic republic, promulgated the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China, and achieved a major breakthrough in political democratization and legalization. The revolutionaries put forward the Three People's Principles, reformed the content and duration of education, and advocated bourgeois civic morality. It developed the rationalization and scientization in the ideological and cultural fields, but failed to shake the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy.

New Culture Movement: During the First World War, the imperialist countries were busy with the war and temporarily relaxed their aggression against China. China's national capitalism has developed rapidly and entered a "golden age". After the failure of the Revolution of 1911, in the face of Yuan Shikai's cultural perversion, Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao and others held high the banner of democratic science, took bourgeois democracy, freedom and individual liberation as ideological weapons, and took the establishment of Youth magazine in Shanghai by Chen Duxiu in 19 15 as a symbol, which sounded the horn of the new cultural movement. The new bourgeois culture launched the most violent impact on the old feudal culture in China, and opened the floodgate of ideological emancipation. Later, it developed into an ideological movement to spread Marxism, which finally made Marxism take root in China and endowed China with the most advanced guiding ideology.