Many Mongolian tribes in the Mongolian Plateau were originally vassal nationalities of the Jin Dynasty. With the gradual decline of the rulers, Mongolia's power began to grow and gradually broke away from the rule of the rulers. In the fourth year of Jintaihe (1204), Temujin, the leader of Mongolia, unified the Mongolian tribes on the Mongolian Plateau through a brutal war. In the sixth year of Taihe (A.D. 1206), Temujin was elected as "Genghis Khan" by various tribes, and established political power in Mobei, with the title of "Yeke Mongolian Rulus", that is, the Great Mongolian Empire. After the establishment of Great Mongolia, it launched a war of conquest and expanded its territory. 12 17 years, destroyed the western Liao, 12 19, attacked the Volga river basin. /kloc-0 returned to the east in 225, and/kloc-0 destroyed Xixia in 227. Genghis Khan also died in the expedition to Xixia. The foreign war of Mongolian army has the nature of conquest. In order to reduce the casualties of the Mongolian army and speed up the process of the war, the Mongolian army adopted a cruel and barbaric policy towards the enemy during the war. A large number of areas that dared to resist bravely were slaughtered and enslaved after the city was broken, and countless properties were looted and destroyed. As a result of the war, a huge empire with unprecedented territory and the largest population and economic aggregate in the world was established, and its influence was extremely prosperous. Basically realized the pattern of world unification and world harmony, which had a great influence on future generations.
The establishment of the Yuan Dynasty
The Mongol Empire Khan Mungo died in Sichuan on 1259 at the age of 52. His fourth brother Kublai Khan and his seventh brother Alibaba began to compete for the position of Khan. 1260 In March, Alibaba Bug was adopted at the "Huriletai" meeting held in Hara and Linger, the capital of Mongolian Empire, with the support of most Mongolian Orthodox sects such as King Azutai. At the same time, Kublai Khan returned to Kaiping (now Duolun, Inner Mongolia) after making peace with the Southern Song Dynasty, and claimed to be Khan with the support of Confucian officials in the Central Plains and some Mongolian kings. 1260 April, Kublai Khan established Zhongshu Province, in charge of state affairs. 1260 in may, Kublai Khan promulgated the "imperial decree" to establish the unification of the yuan dynasty. Kublai Khan's self-assembly in the Central Plains and the promotion of the Chinese law obviously violated the Mongolian tradition, which aroused strong dissatisfaction from Ali Buge and Mongolian orthodoxy. Kublai Khan and Ali Buge immediately launched the Khan War for four years. It was not until 1264 that Alibaba was defeated and surrendered, and Kublai Khan was made a statue. However, his idea of "practicing Chinese law" aroused the dissatisfaction of many Mongolian nobles and refused to join Kublai Khan. As a result, several other Mongolian khanates were hostile, and Kublai Khan's regime only included "China" (not exactly China in today's sense) and the Mongolian Plateau, and the Mongolian empire ceased to exist.
In the eighth year of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 year), Kublai Khan promulgated the "Founding of the People's Republic of China", which took the meaning of "Dagan Yuan" in the Book of Changes and officially named the founding of the country "Yuan". This is a watershed for the regime of the Mongolian Empire to change from a unified empire in the world to the Central Plains dynasty. Prior to this, the Mongolian regime carried out predatory rule in the Central Plains, which was only a part of its territory. It was only during Kublai Khan's period that it was transformed into a dynasty with China as its main occupation area. Before that, the name of "Yuan" did not appear, so the establishment of "Dayuan" should be counted from here.
In the ninth year of Zhiyuan (AD 1272), it was built in the capital of Central Plains (now Beijing) under the planning of Liu. In the 13th year of Zhiyuan (A.D. 1276), the Yuan army captured Lin 'an (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty, and captured 6-year-old Song Gongdi and Empress Xie. In the 16th year of Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 1279), the Yuan army wiped out the last resistance of the Southern Song Dynasty in the sea battle of Yashan, Lu Xiufu threw himself into the sea with his 9-year-old emperor Zhao Min on his back, and China (Southern Song Dynasty) perished.
After that, the Yuan army attacked some surrounding areas, such as Vietnam and Japan, among which the war to conquer Japan was the most famous. It is generally believed that the typhoon (called "Kamikaze Team" by the Japanese) was the biggest reason for the failure of the Yuan Army. However, the latest scientific findings deny this reason. A new archaeological discovery recently published by the British weekly New Scientist pointed out that the Korean people who built warships for Kublai Khan deliberately built and designed ships with poor quality, which was the main reason why Kublai Khan's Mongolian fleet was buried in the belly of fish.
[Edit this paragraph] Science and culture
The Yuan Dynasty made great achievements in culture, art and science and technology. Astronomy was in the most advanced position in the world at that time, and mathematics and medicine were also among the advanced in the world. Guo Shoujing, a scientist, revised the new calendar in 1276, which lasted four years and worked out the chronograph calendar, which was the most advanced calendar in the world at that time. He also served as the water supervisor, responsible for repairing the canal from Yuan Dadu to Tongzhou (later named "Tonghui River" by Kublai Khan), as well as several other major projects such as Jeju River and Huitong River, which finally formed today's Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, with a total length of 1700 kilometers; Drama and novel creation have flourished, and a number of outstanding playwrights such as Guan Hanqing have emerged. Yuanqu has become China's outstanding literary heritage, which is equal to Tang poetry and Song poetry. China culture is the crystallization of the wisdom of people of all ethnic groups in China. The collision of grassland culture with Yellow River culture and Yangtze River culture has aroused countless brilliant sparks and provided inexhaustible motive force for the continuous development of Chinese culture.
China has been a multi-ethnic country since ancient times, and all ethnic groups have contributed to the progress and development of Chinese civilization in different historical periods. Yuan Dynasty refers to the feudal regime established by Mongolian rulers from 1206 to 1368. In the dynastic sequence of China, although this regime existed for a short time, its influence on the historical development of China was extremely important.
It has promoted the process of China's pluralistic and integrated cultural pattern.
/kloc-At the beginning of the 3rd century, after more than half a century's conquest, Mongolian rulers successively wiped out the regimes of Xixia, Xiliao, Jin Dynasty, Dali, Tubo and Southern Song Dynasty, completed the unprecedented unification of multi-ethnic countries, and formed a favorable environment for cultural exchanges and development of all ethnic groups.
The coexistence of multi-ethnic cultures in China has been further affirmed. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the theory of "Xiayi" formed in the Central Plains has emphasized the idea of "respecting Xiayi" and "changing Xiayi", which has formed an obstacle to equal exchanges among all ethnic groups. For example, the "positive leap" theory, which is very influential in the field of history, advocates that "the four foreigners can't be orthodox", and puts the northern nationalities into the Central Plains regime, juxtaposed with "thieves" and "usurpers" and put them into the unorthodox sequence, which actually excludes the political culture of other nationalities. Since the Yuan Dynasty also belonged to the minority regime in the Central Plains, the rulers need to try to reverse this traditional concept in order to establish the legitimacy of its status. When compiling the history of Liao, Song and Jin Dynasties, the chief executives of the three historical capitals and the prime minister of Zhongshu Right spared no effort to arrange people's opinions. "It is arbitrarily said that' the three countries are orthodox and each is related to their titles'." Then the discussant rests. This move ended the "orthodoxy" dispute that lasted for more than 200 years after the demise of the Liao Dynasty, and at the same time affirmed the legal status of various ethnic regimes in the name of the central government for the first time in the history of Chinese historiography. Its significance is just as summarized by Mr. Han Rulin: "This decision determines the basic principle of treating the three histories equally, which is in line with the objective reality that China is a multi-ethnic country and the historical situation that Liao, Jin and Song San Dynasties are irrelevant, so it is correct, so Tuotuo's contribution to the three histories cannot be ignored. "
It has accelerated the cultural exchange among ethnic groups. The national cultural policies implemented by the rulers of Yuan Dynasty brought many new phenomena to the integration and development of ancient national cultures in China. Mongolian characters came into being in this period and have been used ever since. The Secret History of Mongolia, the first historical work in the history of nomadic people in the north, was born. In the history of China's feudal dynasty, the ethnic composition of government officials in Yuan Dynasty was the most complicated. The Yuan Dynasty was also the first dynasty in the history of China's unified dynasty to use multi-ethnic languages. Liao History, Song History and Jin History are the only historical books in the twenty-four histories, compiled by multi-ethnic historians. They are also the first works edited by an official for three dynasties in the history of Chinese historiography, which have preserved precious historical and cultural heritage for future generations. The Central Plains culture has been widely spread in frontier ethnic areas, Confucian classics have been translated into Mongolian and published, and schools teaching Confucian culture have appeared for the first time in remote areas such as Mobei and Yunnan. For the first time, the educational institutions of minority languages and characters approved by the central government appeared in China-Mongolian Sub-Ministry and Returned Sub-Ministry, and a large number of China writers emerged among Mongolia, Khitan, Jurchen and Semu. The cultures of all ethnic groups in the western regions spread further to the Central Plains society, and Tibetan Buddhism spread in the Central Plains. Kapok planting and textile technology of Li nationality in Hainan promoted the development of cotton textile industry in China. In the relaxed political and cultural atmosphere, the integration of all ethnic groups has also entered another climax. Khitan, Nuzhen, Tangut and other ethnic groups have quietly merged into Mongolia, Han and other neighboring ethnic groups, and a brand-new ethnic group-Hui was born on the land of China. For the harmonious coexistence of various cultures in the Yuan Dynasty, Doric, one of the "four great travelers" in medieval Europe, once called it "the greatest miracle in the world" with emotion.
It can be seen that the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty broke the artificial cultural shielding phenomenon that appeared in the past history, and the reality of China's cultural diversity was generally recognized. The concept of "four seas as home" and "one country under the sun" is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people, and the pattern of pluralism and integration has become a reality in the unified environment. Inclusive and pragmatic cultural policies promoted the development of feudal culture in China.
Compared with most feudal dynasties in China, the ideological and cultural concepts in the Yuan Dynasty have two remarkable characteristics: one is inclusiveness, and the other is "no emphasis on empty words". Under the guidance of this thought, the cultural environment of the Yuan Dynasty showed the characteristics of inclusiveness and pragmatism.
The cultural compatibility of the Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties is mainly reflected in the following aspects: it is the only dynasty in the ancient history of China that did not put forward the "taboo" system from the official point of view; It was one of the dynasties with the least system of ideological and cultural imprisonment in the feudal history of China. So far, no unfortunate cases of people in the Yuan Dynasty due to speech have been found. According to statistics, the cultural ban in Yuan Dynasty was only a few tenths of that in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is also the only dynasty in China's feudal history that explicitly put forward freedom of religious belief. At that time, all the major religions in the world had venues and followers in China, which was probably a unique cultural phenomenon in Eurasia at that time.
The compatible cultural atmosphere provides a good environment for the development of China culture. China's "major event in the history of drama and literature"-Yuanqu (Sanqu and Zaju) was formed in this environment. Nowadays, Yuan Qu is regarded as a treasure of China culture, alongside Tang Poetry and Song Poetry. Some scholars believe that the birth and prosperity of Yuanqu in the Yuan Dynasty mainly benefited from the influence of the ethics of the northern ethnic minorities in the Yuan Dynasty and the relaxation of cultural policies, which "freed social thoughts from the shackles of traditional norms" and created them freely.
The social status of Confucian culture has been further improved. In the Yuan Dynasty, Confucius was named "Dacheng Shenggong Wang", which made his reputation unbounded. Mencius and other famous Confucian scholars have also won lofty titles; For the first time in the history of China, the Yuan Dynasty established a "Confucian" class to protect intellectuals, and "those who wish to be disciples are free from all kinds of chores". The popular education in the Yuan Dynasty surpassed that of the previous generation, with more than 400 academies and more than 24,400 state and county schools at most. Regarding the development of Confucian culture in the Yuan Dynasty, Mr. Chen Yuan commented as follows: "The Yuan Dynasty lasted only a hundred years. ..... If we start with Henkel and Emperor Taizong, end with the centenary of the Han and Tang Dynasties, end with the theory of the ancestors of the Qing Dynasty, and end with the Qianlong 20 years ago, regardless of the Qianlong 20 years later, the academic prosperity of the Han, Tang and Qing Dynasties will surpass the Yuan Dynasty! "
Pragmatic spirit promotes the interaction between culture and social practice. The Mongols who founded the Yuan Dynasty were in the rising stage of feudal society and had more urgent development requirements. Therefore, compared with the Song Dynasty, the pragmatic cultural spirit of the Yuan Dynasty is very remarkable. Kublai Khan, the founding father of the Yuan Dynasty, advocated that "those who should respond to heaven should be sincere and those who save the people should be realistic" and emphasized that "things should be realistic and not empty words". On this basis, he put forward that "the imperial examination is empty, I won't take it", abolished the imperial examination system and emphasized the selection of talents instead of simply "winning by writing"; With the support of the government, some science and culture related to the national economy and people's livelihood have also developed rapidly: a series of large-scale astronomical observation activities organized by the government have made China at the advanced level in the world in many astronomical fields (such as ecliptic angle, star number, calendar and other scientific data). ); Geographically, Dayuan Unification Annals is the first official annals in China and the largest official annals in ancient China history. There are 160 kinds of local chronicles compiled in Yuan Dynasty, more than in Song Dynasty. The Yuan government also organized the first field trip to the source of the Yellow River in the history of China. In terms of agricultural technology and agronomy popularization, crops in the north and the south are widely exchanged, and agricultural technologies (such as production tools) in various places learn from each other. Cotton planting was fully popularized in the Yuan Dynasty, and many crops were popularized. The government has strengthened the summary and popularization of agricultural science and technology. The Summary of Agriculture and Mulberry edited by the Ministry of Agriculture is the earliest comprehensive agricultural book compiled by the ancient Chinese government to guide the national agricultural production. Lu Mingshan's Agricultural Summary and Mulberry's Food and Clothing are the oldest agricultural books in China, and Wang Zhen's Agricultural Book is the first agricultural book that systematically studies ethnic agriculture in China. On the basis of the invention of movable type printing in Song Dynasty, metal movable type, wheel typesetting and color printing were invented in Yuan Dynasty. In addition, the Yuan regime also attached great importance to medicine, shipbuilding, pottery making and water conservancy. In the Yuan Dynasty, Chinese medicine developed greatly, and four schools of thought appeared in the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, especially the close and frequent exchanges between China and Arabia and Persia, which not only greatly promoted the great inventions of China people and the wide spread of Chinese medicine knowledge, but also brought the leading Arab and Persian medical classics to China and translated them into Chinese. Arabian aromatic volatiles, nasal drops, wine dew, oil and syrup have been widely used. In the secretarial prison of the Yuan Dynasty, many Arab medical and pharmaceutical works were preserved. At this time, China's traditional medicine has been deeply influenced by these foreign medicines. In particular, Chinese medicine has expanded the connotation of "Chinese medicine" and absorbed and used a lot of "sea medicine" from Arabs, Persians and even Indians. The Yuan government set up a special Guanghui Department in Tai Hospital, which was responsible for the medical affairs of the Hui people. In 129 1 year, Hui Hui Medical Hospital was established in Dadu and Shangdu. The famous "Hui Hui Prescription" was also transmitted from Islamic countries in the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, Muslims in Hangzhou began to set up more formal hospitals to treat China people. The Yuan Dynasty was not only the peak of the development of ancient astronomy in China, but also the last golden age of mathematics in China. The use of Arabic numerals by China people began in the Yuan Dynasty. These wonderful graphics were gifts from Muslims from China in the Yuan Dynasty. 1957, in Wang Fu site of Yuan Dynasty in xi 'an, archaeologists discovered five iron blocks with Arabic numerals cast on them, four of which were sandwiched between two neatly carved square stones. After research, this is a Rubik's cube with six or six Arabic numerals, and the sum of the numbers in the vertical and horizontal directions is "11".
In China in Yuan Dynasty, medicine and pharmacy were eclectic and needed each other on the basis of inheriting the tradition, which greatly enriched the contents of medical and pharmaceutical knowledge.
Hui Hui Fang (hereinafter referred to as Fang) is a large comprehensive Hui Hui medical classic in China (the author is unknown). It has 36 volumes, and some surviving copies can be found in Beijing Library. The book is mostly written in Chinese, with many Arabic and Persian medical terms and Chinese transliteration. It can be seen from only a few remnants of this catalogue that Prescription is a medical classic with rich content and characteristics of combining traditional Chinese and western medicine, including internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics, orthopedics and dermatology. Scholars who study the history of Chinese medicine infer from the rest that there are about 6,000 ~ 7,000 prescriptions in this prescription, and its value is equivalent to China's ancient medical book "Secrets from Outside Taiwan".
It created the most prosperous era of cultural exchange between China and the West during the feudal period in China.
The emergence of the Yuan Dynasty and the Four Great Khan Countries brought about great changes in the Eurasian political structure after13rd century. Many former regimes in East Asia, Central Asia and West Asia disappeared in an instant, and parts of Europe were also brought under the rule of the Mongolian khanate. There is no doubt that brutal wars and violent social unrest have brought great suffering to people in Europe and Asia. However, the positive impact of the conquest war and the subsequent establishment of the Mongolian regime can not be ignored objectively, which broke the barriers of economic and cultural exchanges between Europe and Asia. The Mongolian rulers' open policy of encouraging trade and convenient and safe post transportation have narrowed the distance between Europe and Asia, made the direct dialogue between various cultures a reality, and shortened the gap between Europe and Asia due to unbalanced development, geographical space and artificial closure in the process of civilization. The exchange made China know the world, and the world also knew China. The mystery between the East and the West has been uncovered, and the history of world civilization has entered a new era. From the perspective of China's cultural history, the influence of Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties is mainly reflected in two aspects: promoting the internationalization of China. In the ancient history of China, the most influential dynasties were the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty. However, if we compare the scope of external influence, the number of countries and the international status, the Tang Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty cannot be compared. Preferential trade policies, smooth trade routes, rich countries and beautiful legends all made the Yuan Dynasty attractive to all walks of life in the West and the Arab world. Shangdu, Dadu, Hangzhou, Quanzhou and Guangzhou have become international cities, and Quanzhou Port has become the largest foreign trade port in the world. Travelers, businessmen, missionaries, government envoys and craftsmen came to China by land and sea. Some of them have lived in China for a long time, and some of them are government officials. According to statistics, these people come from Persia, Iraq, Azov, Li Kang, Syria, Morocco, North Korea, Bhutan, Nepal, Sultanate of Delhi, Poland, Hungary, Russian Principality, Britain, France, Italy, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Afghanistan and other countries. After returning home, some people recorded their experiences in China. It is these travel notes that make westerners fully grasp the information of China and the East for the first time, and a civilized and wealthy China is truly presented to the world. This information has changed Europeans' understanding and knowledge of the world. It is generally believed in academic circles that the works of Kyle Poirot and others have had a crucial impact on the arrival of the era of great navigation.
Created the most prosperous era of cultural exchanges between China and the West in ancient times. In the Yuan Dynasty, the number of countries and regions that conducted economic and trade exchanges through the Maritime Silk Road increased from more than 50 in the Song Dynasty to more than 140. Arriving from the coast of Africa by sea and going directly to Western Europe by land, the unified environment has created unprecedented convenience for international and regional exchanges. Historically, it has been said that "the fittest is thousands of miles away, at home; Wan Li is like a neighbor ". While a large number of Arabs and Europeans flocked to the East, China people broadened their horizons, gained a clearer understanding of neighboring countries, Central Asia, South Asia and the Indian Ocean, and even extended their footprints to West Asia and Western Europe. People's understanding and introduction to the outside world is no longer limited to hearsay, but mostly personal experience. For example, in Wang Dayuan's book "A Brief Introduction to the Island", the historical facts about the countries along the Indian Ocean and the South China Sea are "all visited in person and heard by the eyes, but the legendary things are not contained". The book records hundreds of place names, as well as mountains and rivers, climate products, folk customs, economic and cultural exchanges with China, etc. Most of these are unknown to our predecessors. Similar documents are The Journey to the West and The Journey to the West's Notes on the Northern Envoys, Notes on the Western Envoys, Notes on the Local Customs of Zhenla, and Foreign Records. It reflects China people's new understanding of the outside world and broad cultural vision in Yuan Dynasty.
Diversification and Prosperity of Capital Culture in Yuan Dynasty
Shangdu, also known as Shangjing and Luanjing, is located at the junction of Central Plains and Mobei. Shangdu is the second capital of Mongolian Yuan Empire after Haci and Lin, and it is also a famous historical city that marks the glory of Mongolian Yuan Empire.
125 1 year, after Monge Khan acceded to the throne, he ordered his brother Kublai Khan to take charge of the "Military Affairs in the South of the Han Dynasty". In order to govern the criminal state, Henan, Shaanxi Guanzhong and other places, Kublai Khan moved south from Mobei to Zhou Huan and Fuzhou, recruited famous people from all over the world in Jinlianchuan, the impact plain in the upper reaches of Luanhe River, established the "Jinlianchuan Shogunate", and formed the talent pool and think tank of Prime Minister Kublai Khan in the Central Plains. Established the kingly thought of advocating cowardice and revived "Wen Zhi" to "lay the foundation of world peace".
1256, Kublai Khan ordered Liu to "build castles and camps for the grandson of Luanhe River north of Lingling". Longgang in the north, Luanhe River in the south and Jinlianchuan in the south. Kaiping City was built on 1259. 1260, Kublai Khan was in a sweaty position in Kaiping, and Kaiping was promoted to a government office, becoming a summer capital, and was placed in Zhongshu Province as Prime Minister. 1263, Kaiping Prefecture was officially added as the business capital, with the business capital as the general manager. At that time, Peiping was called Yanjing, 1264 was changed to Zhongdu, and eight years later it was changed to Dadu.
Shangdu was the political and cultural center in the heyday of Mongolian and Yuan Empire. The territory of Kublai Khan's seclusion period was the birthplace of the great cause of emperors in the Yuan Dynasty. After Genghis Khan and Wokuotai Khan, Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan immediately conquered the world, dismounted and ruled his subjects, and made great contributions. Three generations have successively become the heyday of the Mongolian and Yuan empires.
Six emperors of Dayuan Empire successively ascended the throne of great Khan in Shangdu. Since the mid-Yuan Dynasty, the palace struggles and bloody conflicts such as "the change of Nanpo", "the war between two capitals" and "the mutiny of Shangdu" have proved the extremely important political, military and cultural status of Shangdu.
The vast territory and stable development of Dayuan Empire greatly promoted the prosperity of multiculturalism and political, economic and cultural exchanges with other countries in the world.
Shangdu has a far-reaching influence in the history of Sino-foreign exchanges. Many foreign ambassadors, missionaries, businessmen, tourists, etc. They were all received by the emperors of the Yuan Dynasty in Shanghai, and established and developed friendly relations. Wang Yun's Tale of the Main Hall records that in the second year of reunification (126t), an envoy from France (Europe) went to Kaiping to meet Kublai Khan, and "presented flowers to serve everything ... from afar, in return for gold and silk". In the same year, korean king Wang Zhi also sent a prince to lead North Korean Governor Lee Zangyong and others 18 people to Huiping. In the fourth year of Pound (1300), Assange, the leader of Mulian City, Myanmar, sent his brother Su to lead a 9 1 person delegation to China. Summoned Su in Yuan Dynasty. In the second year of Zheng Zheng (1342), Pope Marignolli and his party arrived in Shangdu and were summoned by Yuan Shundi.
Businessmen from Ararat, Persia, Turkey and other countries often come and go, and are called "Semu Businessmen" or "Huizhou Businessmen". Nikolai, an Italian Venetian businessman, came to China with Kyle and Poirot, and was warmly received by Kublai Khan. Kelpolo lived in China for 17 years and was highly valued by Kublai Khan. The famous Travels of Marco Polo describes the palaces, temples, court etiquette and customs of the merchants in detail, introduces the merchants to the world, and lets the world know about China.
Foreign scientists also came to work in Shangdu, which promoted the exchange and development of Chinese and foreign science and culture. Persian scientist Zam Aladdin was commissioned by Mongo Khan to build an observatory. In the eighth year of Yuan Dynasty (127 1), Shangdu returned to the Observatory and was formally established (also known as Beisi Observatory). Kublai Khan gave him the title of the first astronomical director appointed by the Yuan Dynasty. Mr. Cha invented all kinds of large astronomical instruments and made a "perpetual calendar". Feng, former deputy director of the Northern Fourth Observatory, and Guo Shoujing, a famous scientist, were both influenced by acupuncture.
There are many Buddhist temples, Taoist temples, Hui Hui temples and Confucius temples in Shangdu. Besides Mongolian shamanism, Buddhism, Taoism, Islam and Christianity are all active. The debate between Buddhism and Taoism has far-reaching influence. The dispute between Buddhism and Taoism was organized and analyzed by the imperial court. The two families meet: if the Taoist wins, the monk will be crowned as a Taoist, and if the monk wins, the Taoist will cut his hair and become a monk. The first time was in 1255, when Li Zhichang, the founder of Quanzhen religion, was refuted by Fu Yu, a Buddhist representative of Shaolin Temple. The second time 1258 "Meng Ge entrusted Kublai Khan to convene representatives of Han Buddhism and Taoism in Kaiping for the second debate. More than 300 Buddhist monks, 200 Taoist priests, 200 dignitaries and Confucian scholars participated in the debate. Tubo (Tubo) people Ban Mi Heng and Ba Siba, as emperors in charge of Buddhism and religious leaders such as Kashmir monk Nanwu, also took part in the debate. Opinions have been published, and different ideologies and cultures contend, causing a sensation in the ruling and opposition parties.
As the political and cultural center of the Yuan Dynasty, Shangdu had a wide and far-reaching influence in the world, so many languages were used. The official Mongolian language is widely used, and its characters include Wei Wu and the new word Basba. There are Chinese, Tibetan and Islamic Wei Fei (ancient Iranian Persian).
Confucius Temple and Bathbati Temple have high status. Cowardice, Mongolian philology, medicine and astronomy are flourishing.
Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan 1260 is the great Khan throne in Shangdu. This enthronement imperial edict talks about "Wen Zhi". "My ancestors created a district and there were four political parties in the election. Martial arts is at its peak, and literary ambition is lacking for more than 50 years. " In the second year of China's reunification (126 1), the sai-jo emperor issued an imperial edict to the whole country, saying, "Xuansheng Temple and the academy in charge have a year-old festival. It was shown in New Moon. In the fourth year of Yuan Dynasty (1267), a huge sum of money was allocated to rebuild the Confucius Temple. To shun two years (133 1 year) and
In the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1336), imperial edicts were issued twice to erect a monument to the Confucius Temple in Shangdu.
Where there are temples, there is learning. Confucius temple is respected and Confucianism is widely spread. The three traditions of China culture-cowardice, Taoism and Buddhism-have been further developed. The core of coward's thought is "benevolence", which advocates morality. Taoism takes nature as the law, "Tao is nature", advocates naturalism of inaction, and advocates "harmony between man and nature". Buddhism views life from the coordinate of "liberation" and believes in the value judgment of "impermanence and suffering", providing spiritual support for people's ways and methods of liberation. Confucianism governs the world, Taoism governs the body, Buddhism governs the mind, Confucianism lives in the world, Taoism lives in seclusion, and Buddhism is born in the world. These three schools are integrated in the following three aspects: first, they pay attention to the value of human life. The second is to pursue the lofty realm of life, and the third is to attach importance to spiritual cultivation. The in-depth interpretation of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and the extensive development of various religions and theories in the East and the West all illustrate the diversity and prosperity of Mongolian and Yuan cultures.
China culture has a long history of more than 5000 years. The Mongolian and Yuan Dynasties showed remarkable cultural, diverse and widely accepted characteristics, which was consistent with the vast territory and cultural vision running through Europe and Asia and the great integration of multi-nationalities. Such historical conditions are unprecedented. In fact, China culture is formed on the basis of constantly absorbing the cultures of various nationalities and regions.
What attracts the world's attention is that in the development of the Yuan Dynasty for nearly a hundred years, culture and art, especially the Yuan Opera, reached a quite high level. On the basis of Jin Yuan version and Zhu Gong tune, Yuan Zaju has extensively absorbed the development achievements of various genres and techniques, and reached a peak stage, which is comparable to Tang Poetry and Song Poetry in the cultural history of China. Famous writers such as Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Ma Zhiyuan, Zheng Guangzu and Bai Pu. Has become an immortal. A large number of famous works, such as Dou Eyuan and The West Chamber, have made outstanding achievements in drama and literature, and have had a far-reaching impact on the development of later operas. There are about 150 kinds of existing works in Yuan Zaju, which have become the treasures of human drama and literature and art.
Poetry, calligraphy and painting have also developed rapidly, and a number of masters of calligraphy, painting and poetry have emerged. Zhao Mengfu studied calligraphy under Wang Xizhi. Round and beautiful, known as Zhao Ti. Poetry and painting are excellent. Yuan Haowen is a famous poet and critic with many masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. Mongolian and Yuan culture is an important stage of China's cultural prosperity and development, and occupies an important position in China's culture. During the Yuan Dynasty, China's territory spanned a vast area of Europe and Asia, and the multi-ethnic unification made the cultural development have unprecedented profound and broad connotations. The different cultures of all ethnic groups in China, the Mongolian native culture and the Central Plains culture, the eastern culture and the western culture, meet and merge with each other, and have an unprecedented time and space for development and promotion. As the summer capital of Yuan Dynasty and the birthplace of Mongolian Khan, Shangdu has a pivotal central position. Compared with most, Shangdu is considered as "the hometown of Mongolians". Compared with Dadu, Shangdu culture, which was also the political and cultural center of Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, showed the true colors of Mongolian culture. There are many grassland features here, such as shamanism, high-quality sun banquet, horse milk banquet, white bird song and dance, tea and peony. Yuan Shizu Kublai Khan set up a shogunate in Jinlianchuan, where the capital was located, which made ideological, cultural, theoretical and talent preparations for the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty. From the 36-year-old general manager, he worked hard for ten years, and at the age of 46 (1260), he ascended the great Khan throne of Shangdu. Shangdu "controls the northwest, the three seas in the east and the world in the south, and the situation in metropolis is particularly heavy". ("Ancient Records of Taoism", Volume X) Shangdu is close to the political and military centers of the former Mongolian Khanate, Haci and Lin, and is an important hub for communication between the North and the South. Mobei Mongolian clan aristocrats, with strong ties and control, occupy a decisive position in politics and military affairs. Culturally, it has also become the combination point of Mongolian local culture and Central Plains culture. The place where Mongolian grassland culture and Han farming culture, western region culture and Central Plains culture merge is the undisputed political and cultural center of the Yuan Dynasty. Therefore, Shangdu culture is the concentrated expression of Mongolian meta-culture, and it is also a highly developed Mongolian culture, absorbing the beneficial elements of various cultures and reaching a historical height. As the mainstream culture in Yuan Dynasty, it had a far-reaching impact on the development of society and history. As a world power, it also has great influence on the development of world culture and human civilization.