-Hongshan Culture remains were first discovered in 192 1 year, Hongshan Hou site in the eastern suburb of Chifeng was excavated in 1935, and Hongshan Culture was named in 1956. Since 1970s, a large-scale archaeological investigation has been carried out in Zhaowudamang (now Chifeng City) and Chaoyang District in the northwest of Liaoning Province, and nearly 1,000 sites have been found. The site of Lingyuan, Dongzuzui in Kazuo and Niuheliang in Jianping of Songling Mountain and Nuerhu Mountain was excavated on a large scale, which made the study of Hongshan Culture enter a new stage.
-1. Distribution range
—— Hongshan Culture is centered on the Xilamulun River, Laoha River and Daling River, tributaries of Liaohe River Basin, with a distribution area of 200,000 square kilometers, which is about five or six thousand years ago and lasts for two thousand years.
-2. Cultural characteristics
-Hongshan Culture's social form was in the heyday of matriarchal clan society in the early stage. The main social structure is a tribal group with female consanguinity as the link, and gradually transited to the patriarchal clan in the later period. Agriculture is the main economic form, and animal husbandry, fishing and hunting coexist. Its remains are Neolithic culture, including unique painted pottery and serrated pottery, as well as microliths. The age of Hongshan Culture is determined by carbon 14, which is about 4000 ~ 3000 BC, and the main body is 5500 years ago. Hongshan Culture residents are mainly engaged in agriculture, raising pigs, cattle, sheep and other livestock, and fishing and hunting. Among the stone tools, tobacco leaf-shaped, straw sandals-shaped and cinnamon leaf-shaped double-hole stone knives have rich characteristics, as well as grinding double-hole stone knives, stone knives, shoulder stone hoes, stone mills, stone rollers and stone arrowheads. The microliths are developed, and the scraper, stone blade, stone shovel and other utensils in the microliths are small and exquisite, with exquisite craftsmanship.
-Pottery is characterized by zigzag patterns and painted pottery with marks and grate points. There are pots, pots, urns, bottomless pots and so on. Pots, bowls, jars and urns of argillaceous red pottery and brown pottery with sand have their own decorative patterns, and the transverse zigzag patterns and straight lines are unique decorative patterns in Hongshan Culture.
-Painted pottery in Hongshan Culture is mostly clay sculpture, with red pottery and black color, rich patterns and vivid and simple shapes. Painted pottery is decorated with vortex, triangle, scale and parallel lines. Double-chamber ceramic kiln with improved structure.
-Jade carving has a high level of craftsmanship and is polished. Jade articles include pig dragon, jade turtle, jade bird, animal jade, hook cloud-shaped Yu Pei, hoop and rod-shaped jade. According to archaeological statistics, nearly 100 jade articles have been unearthed in Hongshan Culture. Among them, the large Jasper C dragon unearthed in Hongshan, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, has a curly body, a high snout and floating hair, which is very dynamic.
-A considerable number of crucible fragments for copper smelting have also been found, indicating that the copper smelting industry has been produced. The construction site is a square semi-crypt type, which is divided into two types: large and small.
-Third, historical value
-Hongshan Culture is a developed civilization distributed in the West Liaohe River Basin at the same time as Yangshao culture in the Central Plains. It is a multi-culture produced by the intersection with Yangshao culture in the Central Plains. It is an excellent culture full of vitality and creativity with rich connotations. Handicraft industry has developed to a very high stage, forming a distinctive decorative art of pottery and a highly developed jade-making process.
-Hongshan Culture fully embodies the cultural characteristics and connotation of the Neolithic Age in northern China. Later, a site with similar or identical cultural characteristics to the Hongshan site in Chifeng was discovered in the neighboring area, which was collectively called Hongshan Culture. Sites belonging to this cultural system have been discovered and confirmed, covering nearly a thousand places in western Liaoning. Its connotation is rich, there are a large number of vivid and unique jade articles, as well as animal images such as pigs, turtles, birds, cicadas and fish. With the identification of these jades in 1970s, archaeologists discovered the large jade dragon in Hongshan Culture in Sanxingtala, Wengniute Banner, Chifeng City.
-197 1 year, Hongshan Culture Jasper Dragon was unearthed at the site of Hongshan Culture in Chifeng City, and Chifeng City was therefore known as the "hometown of Yulong in China".
-Number four. Cultural origin
The study on the origin and development of Hongshan Culture is one of the most striking research achievements since the founding of the People's Republic of China, especially in recent decades. There are roughly five opinions in academic circles:
-(1), Hongshan Culture is the primitive culture of Yangshao culture system, or a variant of Yangshao culture;
-(2) Hongshan Culture inherited magnetic mountain culture, Hebei;
(3) Hongshan Culture is likely to be a new culture produced by the interaction between the microlithic culture and Yangshao culture, which includes two factors: the microlithic culture and Yangshao culture;
(4) Hongshan Culture is a unique Neolithic culture in this area. It has its own development process. At the same time, it is influenced by other cultures;
(5) Hongshan Culture is probably the continuation and development of Hemudu culture, and it is also the turning point for the Chinese nation to enter the patriarchal society from the matriarchal clan society.
-At present, the above five theories coexist and hold their own opinions. The latter's understanding is more realistic. Archaeological findings show that the existence of argillaceous pottery, painted pottery, relief zigzag sand pottery, stone tools and microliths is a unique feature of Hongshan Culture. Dragon theme is the most representative content in Hongshan Culture, and this "family emblem" pattern lasted from the early stage to the late stage in Hongshan Culture.