The rich stone carvings in Mount Tai contain rich Taoist resources, which can outline a relatively complete outline of the historical development of Quanzhen religion in Mount Tai. The development of Quanzhen religion in Taishan can be roughly divided into two stages: Jin Dynasty and Ming and Qing Dynasties. The former is the period from emergence to prosperity, and the latter is the period from prosperity to decline and finally decline.
[Keywords:] Mount Tai; Stone carving; Quanzhen religion
Mount Tai is rich in stone carvings, which is a witness to the history of Mount Tai. Mount Tai is also a famous Taoist mountain, and the history of Taoism in Mount Tai is also deeply imprinted on the stone carvings in Mount Tai. Although the history of Taoism in Mount Tai is incomplete due to the lack and damage of stone carvings and the uneven distribution of time and space, it can still outline a relatively complete outline of its historical development for Quanzhen religion in Mount Tai.
Quanzhen religion was born in the Jin Dynasty in12nd century, and was formally founded in Shandong Peninsula. Shortly thereafter, Quanzhen religion spread to Taishan area, and it has continued to this day. The development of Quanzhen religion in Taishan is consistent with the development of Quanzhen religion as a whole, which can be roughly divided into two stages: Jinyuan and Ming and Qing Dynasties. The former is the period from emergence to prosperity, and the latter is the period from prosperity to decline, and finally to decline.
In the Jin Dynasty, Quanzhen religion made great progress in Mount Tai. In the Yuan Dynasty, with the prosperity of Quanzhen religion as a whole, Taoism in Mount Tai also became the world of Quanzhen religion.
It is documented that Qiu Chuji (such as Dai's) and Sun Buer (such as "The Story of Mount Tai Daoli") among the seven sons of Quanzhen practice in Mount Tai, which is not credible. The most famous Taoist view of Quanzhen religion in the Jin Dynasty in Mount Tai should be the Taoist view of the cave at the foot of Zhixian Peak in Wufeng Mountain in the northwest. Yuan Haowen described its origin in "The True View of Rebuilding the Cave in Wufeng Mountain":? Taihe (120 1? 1208), Quanzhen Shi Qiu Zhiyuan and Fan Zhiming brushed the floor here, leaving only a few rafters. There is no such thing as a mountain and a model, and the same generation and agent construction have begun to take the purpose of Taoism. The hall has been completed, Zhen You (12 13? 12 17) At the beginning, the population of Suxian Palace was a true view cave. ? Qiu, Fan, Wang, Li and others mentioned in the book are all disciples of Guang Chuan master Cui Daoyan.
Cui Daoyan should be the most famous Quanzhen Taoist in Mount Tai in Jin Dynasty. The road is lonely, the mouth sits in the forest, and there is nothing in the world. Kun Yuan's mouth is lit with Fan Lian's permission, and he will leave a message every time he sees it. ? Fan, whose real name is Fan, is one of the seven sons of Quanzhen and a disciple of Dong Dao Chang. Fan Yuanxi's approval shows that Cui Daoyan is not comparable to ordinary Taoist priests. Du Wei wrote a biography of Mr. Cui for him, and made a more detailed introduction to it, saying that Mr. Cui is a famous stone, and he is afraid of being a man. His word is Fu Xuan, and he is a person who looks at it. It's really quiet Endowed with elegant but not vulgar charm, he went home to be a Taoist priest and studied under Liu Changsheng in the East China Sea, which was very popular. Fake medical skills build the foundation of so-called accumulation of goodness. The rich have nothing to take, while the poor have more to give. Therefore, those who are far away are not dead, and those who are salty are wise. ? In his biography, he also told several magical things to show his profound way.
Cui Daoyan is not only profound, but also skilled in medicine. He has countless living people and accumulated countless merits. His disciples obviously inherited this style. The reconstructed real view of Wufeng Mountain Cave describes Wang Zhishen's various contributions to the world. Being sensitive to the outside is good for yourself. In the past, people in rural areas were beaten by soldiers, mountains and roads. I am deeply committed to saving the dead and helping the dirty room, feeding porridge and medicine, and there is flesh and blood in my grief, relying on 100 people to live. Since offering wine, even the mouth has been handcuffed. Whoever has an old man and a husband who doesn't confess has a thick mouth to feed him. ? Cui's practice of mentoring both inside and outside is actually a combination of merits and demerits, which is common among Quanzhen Taoist priests and required by Quanzhen religion.
Another famous Taoist view of Mount Tai in Jin Dynasty is Quanzhen, which was founded by Han Zhiju, a giant Yoko of Tai 'an, in Zhang Shang Village, 50 miles southwest of Mount Tai. Song Zikai's Collection of All Guan Zhen contains:? Jin Mingchang (1 190? 1 196), the Taoist giant Yoko began to build houses on it, and all his knowledge was true. Looking for a company, you get this amount. After living for a long time, he will travel around the world and ask disciple Zhang Zhigeng to be subjective. Chi Chao is also a man who is broad-minded and capable of editing. Elegance is a believer, while vulgarity is a believer. Then the state will help Li Hougui and his brother Shuai marry, and Xiao, the wife of Longxi County, help the camp. ?
Therefore, the whole view of truth was founded by Ju and finally completed by his disciples. The whole truth view was founded earlier than the East truth view, but as far as we know, the whole truth view is far less famous than the East truth view.
The Yuan Dynasty was the heyday of Quanzhen religion, and so was Mount Tai. During this period, there were many spectators in the palace of Mount Tai Quanzhen Sect, and Dachuan was in company with one person. This is Zhang Zhichun, the most famous Quanzhen Taoist priest in Mount Tai in Yuan Dynasty.
Zhang Zhichun was born in Shangbao, Tai 'an Port (now Feicheng, Shandong Province), and his date of birth and death is unknown. According to Du's Notes on the Zhang Family in Tai 'an Prefecture, the Zhang family at that time? Li Xiong society? Actually, it's just? How many acres of farmland and ox horn? Just, but is it okay? The poor are in a hurry, and the officials don't ask the high and low. Is the museum the same? , so? At that time, I was called an elder? . Zhang Zhichun was born in such a rich and kind family, which is a kind of fate.
Zhang Zhichun didn't like staying at home since he was a child. At the age of twelve, he left home to study Taoism in the mountains. He took Cui Daoyan as his teacher and was named Zhiwei. Later, he was appreciated by the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty and was named Zhichun. In just a few years, Zhang Zhichun has become famous in Qilu. At that time, all local officials were military commanders, but they all curtsied when they saw Zhang Zhichun. At that time, the East Platform strictly required Fan Yuanxi's abbot Wanshou to be an official, and invited Zhang Zhichun to be his deputy many times. Did Zhang Zhichun observe everything soon after he took office? Those who waste are prosperous, those who lack are finished, those who are lazy are diligent, and those who are slow are respected. . And Zhang Zhichun took it? Jie Jun knows what to do. Known as Dowling, the court gave him the titles of Chongzhen Baode and Purple Clothes Master. But Zhang Zhichun was unmoved, but? Brush clothes generously and restore the old concealment of Bushan? .
Zhang Zhichun is most praised, which is also his greatest contribution to Quanzhen religion in Mount Tai. He presided over the construction of many temples. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, wars were frequent and protracted, and Taishan Temple was seriously damaged. After the war, Zhang Zhichun resolutely assumed the heavy responsibility of reconstruction. The Chronicle of Zhang Tai 'an describes this event in detail, saying that in the next 30 years, he has rebuilt and built the Jade Girl Temple, the Nantianmen Temple, the Palace, the Jade Emperor Temple, the Sage Temple, the Temple and the Haolishan Temple. Xu Shilong's Record of Rebuilding Dongyue Yuanchao Temple and Haolishan Temple in Yueyang specifically describes the process of rebuilding Yuan Chao Temple and Haolishan Temple in Zhang Zhichun. In view of Zhang Zhichun's contribution to the construction of Taishan Palace, the imperial court treated him well? Tejia worshipped the title of Ming Dow Harmony Master and mentioned something about teaching in Tai 'an? ; Four years of reunification (1263), again? Yan Dou Great Changchun Palace Tutorial Mingzhen sent a sermon and entrusted a teacher to promote the renovation of Dongyue Temple? . Give the Dongyue Temple, a place dedicated to emperors, to Zhang Zhichun? Decoration? It can be seen that the court has deep trust in it.
Zhang Zhichun had a great influence at that time and was admired by people from all walks of life inside and outside the church. Within Quanzhen Sect, not only ordinary people, but also the abbot Qi Zhicheng respected him very much. "Rebuilding the Temple of Holi Mountain in Dongyue" said that he was congenial to Zhang Zhichun, so he tried his best to promote the construction of Zhang Zhichun. The map of Yueyang Reconstruction says that in order to let Zhang Zhichun preside over the reconstruction map, he can't even afford to bow. This is still the case, not to mention the general public. Outside the church, the court named him a master, and local officials regarded him as a guest of honor. Scholars also admire him, such as Yuan Haowen, a great writer, Xu Shilong, a bachelor of Hanlin, and Du Fu, a famous hermit. As for ordinary people, I admire him even more. According to Zhang's First Visit to Tai 'an Mansion, when was the temple built? People forget to die and become teachers? That makes people sigh:? Although the country has done it, it can't be the same. ? All these have fully demonstrated Zhang Zhichun's personality charm.
In addition to the construction of Zhang Zhichun, Mount Tai also built some other authentic tutor views in the Yuan Dynasty, such as Changchun view, Huixian view and Cave-in-the-Air view, all of which are very famous, so I won't go into details here.
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Quanzhen religion, after the heyday of the Yuan Dynasty, began to decline in the Ming Dynasty. Of course, this also has its own reasons. For example, the phenomenon that Quanzhen religion appeared in the Yuan Dynasty was expensive at the end and corrupt at the upper level, which had a bad influence on the development of Quanzhen religion later. But the main reason is that although the rulers of the Ming Dynasty also respected Taoism, they respected the orthodox school, while Quanzhen religion was in a suppressed position. In this context, the Quanzhen religion of Mount Tai also began to decline.
For most of the Ming Dynasty, Mount Tai Quanzhen religion was at a low ebb. In the early and middle Ming Dynasty, not only were there few records about Quanzhen religion in Taishan Mountain in history books, but there were also few traces of Quanzhen religion in stone carvings. However, in the late Ming Dynasty, the situation was different, and Quanzhen religion in Taishan had a brief prosperity. This is mainly reflected in two aspects: first, the rise of the concept of three yang; The second is the revival of the concept of truth.
Regardless of the attitude of the Ming government towards Quanzhen religion, in view of the special status of Mount Tai, it still attaches great importance to Taishan Taoism. The Dao Ji Department of Tai 'an Prefecture and the Daohui Department of Tai 'an County were located in Dai Temple and Bi Xia Temple respectively, and the abbot of Dai Temple was appointed and removed by the court, making Dai Temple and Bi Xia Temple the centers of Taoist activities in Taishan at that time. However, the most influential Taoist in Mount Tai in the Ming Dynasty did not come from these two Taoist temples, but from the revival of Sanyang Temple.
I am to blame,No. Yunshan, from Weinan, Shaanxi. His master is Wang Yanghui, named Sanyang, whose ancestral home is Shenyang, and later moved to Dongping, Shandong. According to "Rebuilding the Three-Yang View" written by Yu in "Three-Yang View", did Wang Yanghui? Roaming the four realms and crossing the famous mountains? Later, he returned to Mount Tai with complications. In the 30th year of Jiajing (155 1), Wang Yanghui and Zan Fuming were at the foot of Ling Hanfeng, the grandson of Mount Tai? Cut down trees and grass, chisel stones to make caves to live in? . Later, with the help of others, a grass temple was built and named? Sanyang Temple? . After Wang Yanghui's death, Zan Fuming inherited the teaching career. After more than 30 years' efforts, Sanyang Temple took on a new look and became a grand and solemn Taoist temple, so it was renamed? Sanyang view? . Since then,? Four customs, incense and wishes, time is not empty? Almost comparable to the most famous Dongyue Temple in Mount Tai, it can be seen how prosperous Sanyangguan Dojo is at this time.
Sanyang reached its peak in praising the vision, with nearly 100 disciples and grandchildren. Not only ordinary people and dignitaries came to burn incense and worship, but even the monarch Bi Xia, who came from the royal family to worship Daiding, wanted to come here to worship. There are three "Forbidden City Monuments" and an inscription on the Forbidden City on a cliff in the view, which records the historical fact that Ming Shenzong's favorite Zheng Guifei sent people to Mount Tai to worship the Taishan Empress four times during the Wanli period and worked in Sanyang. Although the carving time of stone carvings in the four places is different: the first time is October in the 17th year of Wanli (1589), the second time is January in the 22nd year of Wanli (1594), the third time is September in the 24th year of Wanli (1596), and the fourth time is the 27th year of Wanli (/kloc). Among them, the first three were made by Qi Fuming, and the last one was made by Guo Li, because Qi Fuming had passed away in the twenty-sixth year of Wanli in the previous year (1598).
There is a Taoist tomb in the south of Sanyangguan. According to the existing tombstones, the genealogy of Quanzhen believers in Sanyangguan is:? Worship quietness and true yang, and hold metaphysics. Wisdom, courtesy, naivety, faith and righteousness last forever. The Tao is sincere and reasonable, and the morality is broad and harmonious. The counselor dried up the Kun machine and changed it to luck. ? According to the annals of Zhu Zhen schools, it belongs to Yunyang School, the founder of Quanzhen Lao Guo School, and its disciples have a clear inheritance. By the time of the Republic of China, the abbot Man Gui Xiang had spread in Taishan for 19 generations. At present, there is a monument in front of Sanyang Mountain View. The inscription is written by Feng Yuxiang on 1934, "Sanyang Mountain Scenery Praises Taoists Full of Gui Xiang". Unfortunately, it is damaged and cannot be read completely.
The revival of the view of truth in the late Ming Dynasty was also closely related to Ming Shenzong. During the Wanli period, in order to worship his mother, Li Taihou, Ming Shenzong ordered the Quanzhen Taoist Zhou Yunqing to renovate and expand the Cave View, built a magnificent and magnificent Hengdian official residence, and built the Jiulian Temple, naming Li Taihou the Jiulian Bodhisattva. According to Guan Yu's Inscription of Tibetan Scriptures, in the twenty-seventh year of Wanli (1599), Ming Shenzong presented a Taoist collection to Dai Temple and a Taoist collection to Dong Zhenguan. Ming Shenzong also changed the concept of "Kong Truth"? Guobao Longshou Palace? And build the Longshou Palace Stone Square. It can be seen that the relationship between Dong and the royal family in the late Ming Dynasty is really extraordinary. So, for a time, Taoist incense reached its peak and reached its peak. However, the good times did not last long. In the Qing dynasty, the concept of "cave truth" gradually declined, and by the end of the Qing dynasty, most of it had collapsed.
During the Manchu Dynasty, the rulers never believed in Taoism, although in the early Qing Dynasty, in order to win over the Han people and attach importance to Taoism, the Quanzhen Dragon School was revived or even appeared? Lin Ji Longmen for half a day? Said. However, since then, the emperors of the Qing dynasty have no interest in Taoism, and Taoism has lost the support of its rulers, making it even more powerless to cheer up. By the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Quanzhen religion lost its appeal to the people with Taoism as a whole and eventually declined.
Generally speaking, the Quanzhen religion of Mount Tai in the Qing Dynasty was not good, and there was nothing to boast about the stone carvings. Besides the neglect of the rulers, there is an important reason for its final decline, which is the unprecedented development of folk belief in gods represented by Bi Xia Yuan Jun. Yuan Jun, Bi Xia, also known as Grandma Taishan and Queen Taishan, has developed rapidly since the Song Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Bi Xia Yuan Jun not only walked out of Mount Tai like the God of Mount Tai in Dongyue, but also became a national belief, and eventually surpassed the Emperor of Dongyue, occupying a lofty position in people's hearts.
Bi Xia Yuan Jun and Dongyue Emperor are both Taoist immortals. Taoism brings them into the ranks of its gods, of course, because of its influence among the people to attract the public. But as a result, while the belief in Yuan Jun in Bi Xia is developing at an unprecedented pace, the Quanzhen religion in Taishan is declining further. People who come to Mount Tai to burn incense and kowtow may not know what Quanzhen religion is, but they will never forget to go to Bi Xia Temple to beg the Taishan empress. So that in the end, Mount Tai Quanzhen religion really depends on Mount Tai Empress to maintain it, so some people say that Mount Tai Quanzhen religion? Eat Taishan empress? , is it? Empress sent Taoism? . This shows how depressed Quanzhen religion in Taishan was at that time.
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It can be seen that in the long development process of hundreds of years, with the constant change of social conditions, the Quanzhen religion in Taishan is also constantly changing, especially since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it has become more and more secular. Taoist priests no longer focus on immortal belief and Taoist cultivation, but strive to go deep into people's real life, or eliminate disasters for the people, or reward the royal family, and obtain practical benefits by meeting various practical needs in society. This is the case with Zanfuming of Sanyang Temple and Zhou Yunqing of Dongzhen Temple in the late Ming Dynasty, as well as other Taishan Quanzhen Taoists. However, while this process is deeply rooted, Quanzhen religion in Taishan is also declining. Of course, not only the Quanzhen religion in Taishan, but also the whole Quanzhen religion.