Xingshan, called "Yi" in ancient times, is the hometown of Princess Wang Zhaojun of Hanming, located in the western mountainous area of Hubei Province, on the north bank of Xiling Gorge of the Yangtze River. Walnut is a famous product in Xingshan, with a long cultivation history. In the county annals in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, it was recorded that "there are many local products, and peaches and rice can be sold far away." Walnut industry has made an important contribution to the development of rural economy in Xingshan, and is deeply loved by farmers. At the Second Provincial Forest Expo, Xingshan thin-skinned walnut was famous for its beautiful appearance and sweet taste, and won the gold medal at the Second Provincial Forest Expo. In recent years, there have been some problems in the production of Carya cathayensis, such as variety degradation and yield decline. How to revitalize the hickory industry, the author puts forward the following views.
I. Overview of development
The production mode of Carya cathayensis is mainly intercropping with grain and fruit, with less contiguous planting area but large production area, with a total area of 6.5438+0.2 million mu and 275,000 plants. Eight towns in the county have a history of walnut production, mainly concentrated in the middle and high mountains at an altitude of 400- 1200m. 1949, the total output of walnuts in the county reached 5550 kg, 1966 reached 305,000 kg, and 1978 reached a record high of 347,600 kg. In the 1980s and 1990s, walnut production was frustrated and its output dropped sharply. By 2002, the total output of walnuts in the county was only 1.26 thousand Jin. Through the guidance and management in recent years, it reached 200,000 kg in 2004.
The fine varieties of Carya cathayensis are mainly thin-shell walnuts, and the representative varieties are "7904" and "9922". Among them, "7904" was listed as an excellent variety designated by the state at the National Collaborative Meeting on Improved Walnut Varieties and Yield-increasing Technology held by China Academy of Forestry in 1979. "9922" was a national excellent plant jointly selected by County Forestry Institute and Yangtze University from 1999 to 2004, and 20 national first-class excellent plants were screened out. Because of its strong appearance, rich nutrition and good taste, it was recognized as a major scientific and technological achievement in 2004 by the Provincial Science and Technology Department.
The supply of thin-skinned walnuts in Xingshan is in short supply, and 80% of the output can be sold inside and outside the county. The price remains high, reaching more than 20 yuan/kg this year.
Second, the construction of walnut industry in recent years
First of all, a master plan was made. In 2004, the county forestry bureau organized a special class, and on the basis of full investigation and extensive consultation with experts, compiled the "Planning Scheme for the Construction of Thin-shell Walnut Project in Xingshan County". With the consent of the county government, the county government office issued the document Xing Zheng Ban Fa [2004] No.22 throughout the county. This year, the walnut industry has been included in Xingshan County's "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" forestry plan, and the construction scale is determined to be 654.38+10,000 mu, with a construction period of 5 years. The second is to promote development by combining the construction of projects such as returning farmland to forests. From 2002 to 2004, the area of walnut was increased by 65,438+0,720 mu, and 95,000 seedlings were planted, involving more than 820 farmers in Huang Liang, Gao Qiao, Xiakou and Gufu, with an average of 2. 1 mu. The third is to establish a walnut demonstration base. Last winter and this spring, a 3,000-mu demonstration garden was established in Zhang Jiahe Valley, Huang Liang Town, involving more than 700 farmers in Dianziya, Shuimoxi, jiepai Cliff and Jinjiaba villages. At present, the average height is over 50cm, and the survival rate is over 60%. Established a permanent billboard to promote thin-shell walnuts. Fourth, the breeding of improved varieties has achieved initial results. This year, we have been in close contact with Yangtze University and Fangxian Walnut Research Institute to carry out technical cooperation, which has overcome the difficulties of grafting survival in our county in the past, basically mastered the grafting technology, and completed the seedling raising of 5 mu, with a survival rate of over 80% in that year. It is estimated that 6.5438+0.3 million excellent grafted seedlings will be produced by the end of this year. Fifth, strengthen the prevention and monitoring of pests and diseases. A pest monitoring station was established in Zhang Jiahe Valley, Huang Liang, to guide the prevention and control of walnut pests and diseases in four villages in this area, which increased the yield of walnuts in this area by more than 30% compared with last year. The sixth is to grasp scientific and technological training. Go deep into walnut producing areas regularly every year and hold training and publicity on pest control and high-yield cultivation techniques. It was held 15 times this year, training 2,500 farmers and printing more than 5,000 technical materials.
Three. Problems and difficulties in development
(A) variety reduction, variety degradation
There are a certain number of national excellent single plants in Xingshan, but the area is small and the overall yield is low, accounting for only over 30% of the county, which leads to poor market competitiveness and low economic benefits of walnut products in the county.
(B) extensive management, low output
Walnut planting follows the traditional technology, farmers have less production investment, and the idea of "relying on the sky to harvest" is serious. The variety and quality of seedlings, land preparation methods and cultivation techniques can't meet the requirements of modern development. Walnut trees don't prune, prevent pests and diseases, topdressing and weeding, resulting in less fruits, lower quality and high yield. At present, the county covers an area of10.2 million mu, with an output of 200,000 Jin. The yield per mu is only1.6.7kg, which is 233kg less than the standard yield.
(3) serious pests and diseases
In recent years, walnut pest control has achieved remarkable results in some areas, but the harm is still serious throughout the county. The main pests and diseases are ginkgo silkworm moth, walnut branch moth and walnut weevil. According to investigation and statistics, the losses caused by pests and diseases account for more than 30% of the total output every year.
(D) a serious shortage of capital investment
The county-level planning of walnut industry construction is 50,000 mu, including 654.38+0.00 mu of renovation and 40,000 mu of new orchards, with a total investment of about 6.5438+0.5 million yuan. Together with the part raised by the masses, it needs nearly 6 million yuan (per mu 150 yuan to raise seedlings), which needs the support and help of the county government and various departments directly under the county. In recent years, more than 340 thousand yuan has been invested, including: first, in recent years, returning farmland to forests has solved a part of the seedling fee of about 86 thousand yuan; Second, the Forestry Bureau squeezed out nearly 50,000 yuan to support seedling production; Third, the Poverty Alleviation Office supported 50,000 yuan for the construction of demonstration bases, and fourth, farmers raised about154,000 yuan. In addition, there is no other capital investment, which is far from the development requirements of walnut industry.
(5) It is difficult to cultivate demonstration households (bases)
Due to the short-term behavior of farmers' traditional small-scale peasant economic consciousness, they failed to manage and cultivate in time according to technical requirements, and lacked capital investment and incentive policies. The construction effect of demonstration households (bases) this year is not obvious.
Fourth, the necessity of development.
Walnut industry is bound to become an important industry for people in the county to get rich and a leading industry for agricultural economic development. At present, the low mountains have formed an agricultural rich industry with citrus and high mountains as the main industries, while Zhongshan and semi-high mountains have not yet formed a leading rich dried fruit industry. To this end, the development of walnuts is bound to be the first choice for this region to get rich. In 2004, Dianziya Village in Huang Liang Town produced 1 10,000 kg of walnuts. There are more than 65,438+00 farmers in this village, including Han Dingguo and Fa, who have produced more than 350 kilograms of walnuts and earned more than 4% in 500 yuan. The development of walnut is superior to other fruits and other industries: first, it is resistant to storage, and the storage period can reach 1-3 years; Second, the price is stable, generally around 10-20 yuan/kg; Third, the output and income are stable. As long as it is well managed and intensively managed, some excellent grafted seedlings can bear fruit in the same year, and in the fifth year, it enters a high-yield period, with a yield of 250 kilograms per mu, which has the characteristics of early fruiting, high yield and stable yield, and the high-yield period can reach more than 50 years. Fourth, the investment is small and the cost is low, and the investment per mu is about 300 yuan; Fifth, combined with the policy of returning farmland to forests, various planting modes such as forest medicine, forest grain and forest grass can be implemented, and the benefits will be doubled. For example, in Huangjiahe Village, Xiakou Town, medicinal materials (Peucedanum praeruptorum) were planted under the walnut forest in 2004. Through the investigation in July this year, the income of medicinal materials alone can reach more than 1 10,000 yuan.
The favorable conditions for the development of verbs (the abbreviation of verb)
First, the development of walnuts in Xingshan is rich in land resources and has good climatic conditions. Xingshan has a subtropical continental monsoon climate, with annual sunshine hours 1680 hours and annual average temperature 17. 5 degrees, the annual precipitation is 980 mm, and the frost-free period is 272 days. The climate and environment are very suitable for walnut production. The suitable planting area in the middle and high mountains with an altitude of 400- 1200m in the county is above15000mu.
Second, the development foundation is good. The county's existing walnut preservation area is more than 1 10,000 mu, with a certain number of excellent varieties, and farmers are highly motivated to develop.
Third, a major breakthrough has been made in walnut production technology. This year, the indoor grafting survival rate of walnuts in the County Forestry Institute reached more than 80%, and this year, it can provide high-quality seedlings10.2 million. The county has a certain technical force, with professional technicians 135, including senior 1 person, intermediate 14 person and junior 120 person. In the long-term production practice, the people in the producing areas have also accumulated a set of techniques for seedling raising, garden building, management and pest control.
Fourth, convenient transportation. The land and water transportation in the county is convenient, and every village in the main walnut producing area has access to roads, which provides good transportation conditions for base construction and future production, supply and marketing.
Measures and suggestions of intransitive verbs
Combined with the reality of walnut industry development, in order to conscientiously implement the spirit of the county government's "Notice on Printing and Distributing the Planning Scheme of Thin-skinned Walnut Project in Xingshan County" (Xing Zheng Ban Fa [2004] No.22 document), by 2009, the area of thin-skinned walnuts will reach 65,438+10,000 mu, the yield will reach 250 kg, and the output will reach 25 million kg, which has become the pillar of rural economic development and farmers' income increase in Xingshan.
(A clear organization, the formation of specialized classes
First, a leading group for the construction of county walnut industry was established, headed by the secretary in charge or the county magistrate, with the main leaders of the Finance Bureau, Planning and Development Bureau, Science and Technology Bureau, Poverty Alleviation Office, Forestry Bureau, and Old Promotion Association as members, with unified leadership and overall planning of walnut industry production in the county. We should hold regular meetings to study walnut production, strengthen leadership and pay close attention to supervision and implementation, just like catching oranges and tobacco leaves.
The second is to set up a special class, namely the county walnut industry construction office. It is necessary to clarify personnel, work expenses, office space and job responsibilities. Its main responsibility is to organize and guide the county's walnut production, responsible for planning and design, inspection and acceptance, technical services, policy implementation and so on. Establish and improve various rules and regulations and post responsibility system for special classes.
Third, key towns and villages in the project construction should also set up leading groups for thin-shell walnut production and implement specific personnel.
(two) clear the necessary construction funds and working funds.
It is suggested that the county government arrange a special fund of about 500,000 yuan each year to develop walnut production. Mainly solve the following four aspects:
First, the annual work expenses of the industrial construction office, including planning and design fees, technical guidance fees, travel expenses, inspection and acceptance fees, etc. It is suggested to solve the problem from the county finance, with an annual income of 654.38 million yuan.
The second is policy support funds. Mainly support for the construction of demonstration bases. Just like the development of oranges, every acre of land should be given some support, support and encourage farmers to develop. 50 yuan is about 6.5438+0.5 million yuan per mu per year, subject to the acceptance area.
The third is science and technology funds. Including protecting superior trees, establishing cutting seedling base, seedling greenhouse (base) and strengthening technical training. It is suggested to solve the problem from the county finance and invest 200,000 yuan every year.
Fourth, funds for the prevention and control of pests and diseases. Implement joint prevention and treatment, solve equipment and some agricultural drugs, and propose to solve 50 thousand yuan every year.
In addition, a variety of funds should be tied. That is, poverty alleviation and development funds, financial funds for agricultural logging, and other related special funds, and scientifically arrange to bundle some of them into walnut construction.
(three) to strengthen the construction of improved seedling breeding base.
It is necessary to develop local thin-shell walnuts represented by more than 20 excellent strains, such as "9922", and rely on the existing local seedling raising techniques and venues to vigorously cultivate grafted seedlings to ensure pure and excellent varieties. The first is to protect the existing high-quality thin-shell walnut mother tree and seed resources. The existing superior trees are bred by our county and the former Agricultural College of the province, with more than 20 plants, which have been recognized by major scientific and technological achievements of the province and distributed in towns and villages such as Huang Liang and Gufu. It is necessary to sign a protection and utilization contract with farmers, list superior trees for protection, and purchase seeds and scions at a price 30% higher than the market price. It lays a good foundation for cultivating scion nursery and grafted seedling base. Second, take the county forestry institute as the center, establish a seedling base of 50 mu, including cutting seedling 15 mu and grafting seedling of 35 mu, and produce grafted seedlings140,000 plants every year, which basically meets the needs of the county.
(4) Do a good job in demonstration bases.
Concentrate capital and technology to further improve the construction of high-quality walnut demonstration base in Zhang Jiahe Valley. In addition to promoting local excellent strains, introduce foreign excellent varieties appropriately, such as Yunnan pickled walnut, "Lin Zhong", "Luguang" and "Xianglin". Take the road of scientific research institute+base+farmers, establish forest+grass (medicine)+livestock+marsh+fertilizer, guide training regularly, work closely with scientific research institutes, establish long-term cooperative relations with Yangtze University, Municipal Academy of Forestry and Fangxian Walnut Research Institute, and provide reliable technical support. Focus on cultivating demonstration leaders, cultivate benefits, achievements and experiences, and radiate to drive the county.
(5) Scientific planning and steady progress.
On the basis of the overall plan that has been issued, we should promote scientific progress in a planned, step-by-step and focused manner. According to the overall "Planning", prepare a detailed annual implementation plan, go to villages, households and fields in detail, make a scientific layout, highlight key points, and ensure the timely realization of industrial construction tasks and objectives.