Indian soldiers made great sacrifices in the battlefield of China, Myanmar and India, and won the first complete victory of the Indian army since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. They showed the world the great internationalism and national sacrifice spirit of the Chinese nation, made important contributions to the victory of the anti-fascist war in the Asia-Pacific battlefield and the world, and made great achievements.
After the outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway was built in early 1938 due to the weak domestic industrial base and the urgent need for a lot of materials and foreign aid.
Encouraged by the belief of resisting Japan and saving the nation, 200,000 people in 28 counties in western Yunnan brought their own rations and tools, and slept in the wind, chopping stones and drilling rocks. It took them 10 months to build the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway with their own hands and blood and sweat on the rapids in the alpine valleys and along Shan Ye, 990 kilometers west of Yunnan and north of Myanmar.
During this period, countless people died because of blasting, falling rocks, falling rivers, heavy earth and stone, and malignant dysentery.
The Yunnan-Myanmar Highway was opened to traffic at the end of 1938, and has since become the blood vessel of China's war of resistance.
After the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, Japan tried to interrupt its aid activities to the "third country" by force.
/kloc-in the winter of 0/939, the Japanese army occupied Nanning and cut off the international traffic line between China and Vietnam.
1In the spring of 940, Japan bombed the Yunnan-Vietnam Railway. In June, France was forced to accept the request to stop the transportation between China and Vietnam.
Nevertheless, the Japanese invaders did not stop. In September, Japan invaded Vietnam and signed a friendship treaty with Thailand, and the Yunnan-Vietnam line was completely interrupted.
The Yunnan-Myanmar Highway has become the only aid channel in China.
Myanmar is a strategic country on the Southeast Asian Peninsula.
Xiping is British India, bordering China and Yunnan in the north and northeast.
The Burma Road is an important international traffic line in China, and the Japanese army can also threaten the southwest rear of China.
Myanmar is of great strategic significance to both China and Britain among the allies.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, the Japanese army swept across Southeast Asia in a short time, and then directed at Myanmar.
In order to defend Myanmar, China and Britain planned to establish a military alliance as early as the beginning of 194 1.
China actively prepared to put forward that China troops should enter Myanmar as soon as possible.
After the outbreak of the Pacific War, 194 1 12 On February 23rd, China and Britain signed the Sino-British Agreement on Joint Defence of the Burma Road in Chongqing, and the Sino-British military alliance was formed.
However, because the British army despised the strength of China's army and overestimated itself, and did not want foreign troops to go deep into their own colonies, it repeatedly delayed and obstructed the Chinese expeditionary force from entering Myanmar, so the Chinese expeditionary force scheduled to enter Myanmar had to stay at the border between China and Myanmar.
However, after the Japanese attack on 1942+65438 10 in early October, the British-Burmese army was defeated all the way, and the China army was hastily invited to join the Burmese war.
China set up the first commander's headquarters of the Expeditionary Force (originally the second road was in Vietnam, but it was later cancelled due to changes in the situation) and went to the battlefield in Myanmar.
However, due to the loss of combat opportunities, Myanmar's defense was defeated.
This is mainly due to Britain's insistence on the established strategy of Europe before Asia. Once the war situation was unfavorable, it completely lost its interest in defending Myanmar, but retreated again and again, making the Chinese expeditionary force defend Myanmar a battle to cover the British retreat.
However, the Chinese Expeditionary Force has made achievements that the British and American allies admire and achieved certain strategic goals.
From/kloc-0 to March 1942, the Chinese expeditionary force began to fight against the Japanese army, and at the beginning of August, the British Coalition forces withdrew from Myanmar, which lasted for half a year and fought for more than 500 kilometers. They fought bloody battles and repeatedly mentioned the enemy lines, which caused the Japanese army to suffer a heavy blow rarely seen since the Pacific War, and gave strong support to the British and Burmese troops for many times, and achieved such results as the Battle of Preserving Ancient China, the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in Xiwa, the Battle of Clearing yenangyaung and the Battle of Dongzhi (Tang).
In yenangyaung's aid to Britain, Sun Liren, the new commander of the 38th Division of the Chinese Expeditionary Force, bravely fought against his enemies several times, winning more with less, and rescued the British-Burmese army 1 Division that had been besieged for several days and was on the verge of despair, causing a sensation in the British Isles.
Dai Anlan, commander of the 200th division of the 5th Army, has repeatedly made outstanding achievements to cover the safe retreat of British troops. Later, when he crossed savage mountain to fight the enemy, he was unfortunately injured and died heroically.
After the battle, Britain and the United States highly praised and posthumously awarded General Sun Liren and General Dai Anlan the Meritorious Medal.
The loss of Myanmar has brought an extremely negative impact on future operations, and China has completely lost the only land transportation line-the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. In the future, it must open a route from India to fly over the hump (in the Himalayas).
Japan can also directly threaten India.
But it also achieved great strategic significance, covered the retreat of the British army, bought time and saved strength for defending India.
It also consumed and blocked the Japanese attempt to attack the southwest rear area of China, and blocked the enemy's natural barrier on the Nujiang River in Yunnan with domestic forces. Later, a long-term confrontation was formed, which shattered the Japanese attempt to attack the southwest rear area of China from North Myanmar.
This expedition was also the first time that China went abroad to fight since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. They carried forward the spirit of internationalism and national sacrifice of the people of China and raised China's international status.
During the first Burma War, there were about 4,500 Japanese casualties, 65,438+3,000 British casualties, and 50,000 Chinese expeditionary forces casualties (mostly in savage mountain and Hu Kang River valley).
After the defeat of Myanmar, some Chinese expeditionary forces retreated to British India.
Under the guidance of Stilwell, Chief of Staff of China Theater, the new 38th Division and the new 22nd Division retreated to India were trained and reorganized in Ramga Training Camp. 1in August, 943, they were reorganized into China's Indian troops, equipped with American aid materials and supplied by Britain. A large number of young intellectuals joined the army under the call of "an inch of mountains and rivers and an inch of blood, 100,000 young people and 100,000 troops" in Jiang Zhongzheng, and were airlifted to India by plane returning from Hump.
At the same time, in view of the importance of Myanmar, China actively planned to counterattack Myanmar, reorganized and trained the second batch of expeditionary forces in western Yunnan, and established the 1 1 Army and the 20th Army under the command of the commander-in-chief of the Chinese Expeditionary Force in February 1943, ready to cooperate with the British and American troops to counterattack Myanmar.
1943 10 in order to cope with the war situation in China and the Pacific region, the Indian troops stationed in India made a plan of counterattack against northern China, with the code name "Anna Jim", to ensure the opening of the China-highway (Kunming, China-Lido, India) and the laying of oil pipelines. 10 in June, the new 30 th division was transferred to Myanmar and stationed in the Indian army.
It is planned to start from Lido, a small town on the India-Myanmar border, cross the India-Myanmar border, first occupy the area east of the Tanai River, such as New Pingyang, and establish an offensive starting position and logistics supply base; Then it crossed savage mountain, broke through Kang Hu Valley and Meng Gong Valley with powerful firepower and circuitous tactics, seized Myitkyina, an important town in northern Myanmar, and finally connected the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway.
1in March, 944, our troops stationed in India occupied Mengguan, annihilated the main force of Japan's most elite 18 division, and seized its military flag, customs clearance form, a large number of documents and various weapons.
Then, he pushed forward, captured Meng Gong, an important town in northern Myanmar, and won again.
1944 At the beginning of March, the Japanese army assembled 80,000 troops of its 15 army and attacked the British base in Impal, India. The tight situation of impala endangers the whole war situation in Southeast Asia. At the beginning of April, the 54th Army 14, 50th Division of the 20th Army of the Chinese Expeditionary Force stationed in western Yunnan was transferred to Myanmar to join the Indian Army to reinforce and contain the Japanese army. The new 30th Division, 88th Division and 50th Division, was 65438.
On May 1 1, the 20th Army of the Western Yunnan Expeditionary Force crossed the Nujiang River, and a bloody battle in Gaoligongshan kicked off the counterattack in western Yunnan.
After the Battle of Meng Gong, the new 38th Division also marched into Myitkyina.
After nearly three months of fierce fighting, Myitkyina was finally conquered in early August, and the initiative in the battlefield in Myanmar was transferred to the allies.
For China, it means that the connection between China-India Highway and Yunnan-Myanmar Highway, two blocked transportation lines, is just around the corner, and the dangerous "hump route" has since gone down in history. The air force can fly from the southeast to Kunming and Chongqing by safer and more convenient routes, and the strategic situation in the southwest has undergone fundamental changes, and the anti-Japanese rear area has truly gained a sense of stability; However, the date of Japan's occupation of Myanmar is numbered, and its all-round attack on the Asian continent has since evolved into a series of defenses and eventually collapsed completely.
Since our troops stationed in India have opened Ram one after another, they have fought continuously and repeatedly created strong enemies, and their combat effectiveness has been greatly improved compared with before, which the Japanese army never dreamed of.
They can't figure out why this China army, which was defeated by themselves two years ago, became a formidable and invincible army in less than a year.
On June 4th, the Songshan War in western Yunnan began. The 7 1 Army and the 8th Army of the Western Yunnan Expeditionary Force took turns to attack. By September 7, Songshan was recovered at a heavy cost of more than 8,000 deaths and10,000 injuries.
On July 2nd, the 20th Army attacked Tengchong, and on September14th, Tengchong was recovered. The 1st14th Air Force of the US Army participated in the siege, with more than 5,000 casualties and 3,000 Japanese soldiers killed.
On June 4th, the 1st 1 1 Army of the Western Yunnan Expeditionary Force attacked Longling, and in June165438+1October1recovered the whole territory of Longling. This campaign wiped out more than 3000 Japanese troops/KLOC-0, and our army suffered more than 20,000 casualties. After that, the Japanese army was rushed to mangshi.
At the beginning of September, the Japanese army was defeated in Impal, and the allies entered the strategic stage of general attack on the battlefield of Yunnan, Myanmar and India.
After resting in Myitkyina for about two months, the troops stationed in zhina were expanded into the New 1 and the New Sixth Army, and launched the final attack on the Japanese aggressors. In a sentence from the captured Japanese documents, "the troops are eager to return to China and are unstoppable."
After the break of Myitkyina, the New 1 Army and the New 6 Army attacked Ba Maw in two directions.
All the way through, invincible.
At the beginning of 65438+February, due to the tight domestic war, the New Sixth Army rushed back to China for reinforcements. Subsequently, the new 1 Army successively conquered Ba Maw and Nankan, and successfully joined forces with the Chinese Expeditionary Force in western Yunnan near Wan Ding, and the Sino-Indian highway was completely opened.
Indian troops stationed in China immediately went south, conquered Lasso on March 8 1945, and joined forces with British troops in Qiao Mei on March 30, ending the counterattack in northern.
At this time, due to the failure in the Philippines, the Japanese army shrank its front and all withdrew from Myanmar.
At this point, the war in Myanmar has all ended.
The counter-offensive against northern Myanmar and western Yunnan lasted for one and a half years. In history, more than 20,000 Indian troops stationed in China killed more than 48,000 Japanese troops, and the Western Yunnan Expeditionary Force killed more than 2 1 1,000 Japanese troops and killed more than 70,000 Japanese troops.
The Chinese Expeditionary Force completed the overall victory of China's strategic counterattack, and the Yunnan-Burma-India war zone was also the only war zone in the history of the Anti-Japanese War in which the China army completely defeated the Japanese army.
The counter-offensive victory of the Indian troops stationed in China and the Chinese Expeditionary Force reopened international communication lines, and international aid materials were continuously transported into China. The Japanese army was driven out of the southwest gate of China, which opened the prelude to the frontal battlefield counterattack against Japan; The Japanese troops in northern Myanmar and western Yunnan were clamped down and suffered heavy losses, which made great contributions to the final victory of the Anti-Japanese War.
Since China's army entered Myanmar, the Sino-Myanmar-India War lasted for three years in March. China invested 400,000 troops and suffered nearly 200,000 casualties. The Japanese army invested more than 300,000 troops in the China-Burma-India war zone, annihilating more than 6,543.8+0.85 million people.
The Chinese Expeditionary Force and the troops stationed in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression wrote an extremely tragic and brilliant page in the history of the Chinese nation with their blood and lives, which is the strength of Indian soldiers and Chinese Expeditionary Force!
Compilation table of Chinese expeditionary force and allied forces
(1) The First Command System of Chinese Expeditionary Force (1March to August, 942)
Commander of the First Route Wei (not yet in office) Luo (succeeded) Lin Wei, head of the Military Commission Staff Committee.
Stilwell, commander of the U.S. China-Burma-India theater and chief of staff of the China theater.
Du Yu Ming, 5th Army (Commander)
Dai Anlan (division commander) of the 200th division, Liao Yaoxiang (division commander) of the new 22nd division and Yu Shao (division commander) of the new 96th division.
Li Shuzheng, Engineer Corps of Recruit Trainer, Armored Corps Hu Xianqun, Artillery Corps Zhu
Automobile Corps Hongshishou Cavalry Corps Lin Chengxi Trench Corps Du Hongfan
Gan Li-Chu, 6th Army (Commander)
Forty-ninth division Peng (teacher), ninety-third division Lu (teacher), fifty-fifth division Chen (teacher).
Zhang Wei (commander of the 66th Army)
The new 38 th division (teacher), the new 28 th division, Liu Bolong (teacher) and the new 29 th division, Ma (teacher)
Another teacher, Li Zhipeng, is directly under the jurisdiction of the 36th Division.
(2) Table of Command System of Chinese Expeditionary Force (1early 943 to1March 945)
Commander-in-Chief Chen (1943 winter replacement) Deputy Commander Huang Qixiang Chief of Staff Xiao Yisu
Song Xilian, commander-in-chief of the 11th Army, and Huang Jie, deputy commander-in-chief.
Wang Lingyun (commander) and Zhong Song (deputy commander) of the Second Army.
9th Division Zhang Jinting (teacher) 33rd Division Bao Yang (teacher) 76th Division Xia Degui (teacher)
Duan Shoutao of the trench regiment
Huang Jie, 6th Army (commander, succeeded by Shi Honglie)
Prepare the 2nd Division Gu Baoyu (division commander) and the new 39th Division Hong Xing (division commander).
The trench regiment Zheng Dianqi communication camp Feng Xingzhi chariot defense camp Liang intermediary
7 1 Jun Zhong Bin (Commander) Chen Mingren (Deputy Commander)
The new 28th Division Liu Youjun (division commander), 87th Division Zhang Shaoxun (division commander) and 88th Division Hu Jiaji (division commander).
Wu Tao trench regiment.
Li Zhipeng (division commander), the 36th division of another group army directly under the Central Committee, the 5th Army Artillery Battalion (division commander) of Gao Jiren, the 20th division.
Tian Fang is the commander-in-chief of the 20th Army, and Huo Yizhang is the deputy commander-in-chief.
53rd Army (commander, succeeded by Zhao)
1 16 division Zhao (succeeded by Liu Runchuan) 130 division (succeeded by Wang).
Liu Baohua trench regiment.
54th Army Tian Fang (commander, succeeded by Kan Hanqian) (1April 944,14th Division and 50th Division were transferred to Myanmar, and were incorporated into the new 6th Army in August of the same year).
14 teacher Long Tianwu (teacher) 50th teacher Pan Yukun (teacher) 198 teacher Ye (teacher)
It also has jurisdiction over the group army directly under the anti-aircraft artillery, the 49th Regiment, the 3rd Battalion, the 8th Army Mountain Artillery Battalion, the trench regiment, the Lei Zhenbo Engineering Corps, the 2nd Regiment, and the Song Lin Communications Force.
Troops directly under the expeditionary force command
The 8th Army He Shaozhou (commander) (deputy commander) Liang Xiaozhai (chief of staff)
Honors 1 Teacher Wang Bo (teacher), 82nd teacher Wang Boxun (teacher) 103 teacher Xiong Shouchun (teacher)
Lu (93rd division commander), commander of artillery command, Shao Baichang, commander of engineering command, Fu.
Zheng Po, Commander-in-Chief of Communication Battalion in Yunnan, Kangmian and Special Guerrilla Areas
(3) Command System Table of Sino-US Allied Forces and China Forces in India (May 1942 to 1945).
General Stilwell (succeeded by Solden) and Chief of Staff Bertno.
Zheng Dongguo, chief of staff of China's Indian troops (commander,1promoted to deputy commander of allied forces in August, 944), lived comfortably.
Sun Liren (commander and deputy commander) of the new 38th Division and Liao Yaoxiang (commander) of the new 22nd Division.
Su Hu, the new 30th Division (the new 30th Division was transferred to India 1943+00 in June).
Sun Liren is the new commander of Indian troops stationed in 1 Army (1formed after the conquest of Myitkyina in August, 944).
Li Hong, new 38th division (division commander)
Tang Shouzhi (division commander) of the new 30th division.
Pan Yukun, 50th Division (division commander) (22nd Division and 14 Division of the new 6th Army were transferred back to China at the end of 1944, and 50th Division was incorporated into the new 1 Army sequence).
Liao Yaoxiang, commander of the new 6th Army of Indian troops stationed in (1established after the conquest of Myitkyina in August, 944).
Li Tao, the new 22nd division (teacher).
Long Tianwu, 14 division (division)
Pan Yukun, 50th Division (division)
Colonel Braun, commander of the chariot directly under the army.
Brigadier general Haig, commander of the Sino-American mixed assault detachment
Captain of the first detachment (new 38th Division, 88th Regiment), Colonel Kenrison.
Captain of the second detachment, Colonel Hunt.
Brigadier General Merrill, Commander of the 5307th Mixed Brigade (Galahat Force) of the United States Army.
(4) US Air Force
Major General Chennault, commander of the 14 Air Force (Flying Tigers, 1943 was formally reorganized into the 14 Air Force).
It has two medium bomber squadrons and three fighter squadrons.
Tenth air force
(5) British-Burmese Army Command System Table (1March 942)
Commander-in-Chief of the British-Burmese Army Hu Dun (former) Alexander (later)
Slim (head), 1 British Burma Army Corps
Scott 1 Division of the British-Burmese Army (under the jurisdiction of 1, 2, 13 Infantry Brigade)
Smith, 17 division of the British Indian Army (under the jurisdiction of 16 and 46 (later renamed 48) infantry brigade and the 63rd brigade of the Australian Army)
Myanmar Air Force is directly under the 7th Armored Brigade (about 150 chariots) (30 fighters, 15 light bombers).
(6) British and Indian command systems (from June 1943 to May 1945)
Commander-in-Chief of Allied Southeast Asia Theater mountbatten
Slim, British and Indian Army 14 (head of the army)
The 4th Army, the 33rd Army of Messevey, the 1st15th Army of Christensen Stofford.