In recent years, various "winter fishing festivals" have been held in a hurry in the northern countries that are frozen in winter, especially the so-called "head fish", which can actually sell for nearly one million dollars. Throughout the propaganda in various places, almost all claimed that "winter hunting" inherited the cultural heritage left by the Qidan people.
A winter festival that blooms everywhere
The Khitan nationality disappeared, but it was remembered by history because of the existence of the Khitan State and the Liao Dynasty. Ice fishing with great political significance is actually a gift from the emperor of Liao Dynasty in spring. The first fish was caught by the emperor himself, not fishing.
Fishing is an important ceremony for the Khitans in spring. The first fish banquet was a state banquet for the Nuzhen leaders thousands of miles away. The reason why Hongyan turned against Liao was said to be because she was humiliated at this banquet and was almost killed by the emperor of Liao.
Most emperors in Liao Dynasty died in military parade.
People who are not interested in northeast history may be unfamiliar with the word Bona. Belonging to proper nouns, in the Khitan language, it is usually interpreted as Emperor Camp. However, this explanation is too narrow. If interpreted broadly, Bona should refer to the central government of Liao country, which moved around, and its form was more like a unique political system.
Beijing is only the nominal capital of Liao.
There are many capitals in Liao, including five, but the emperor, harem and court ministers are hardly in the capital. The tradition of the Khitan people on horseback is to take horses and chariots as their home and move at any time. Therefore, it is difficult for the Khitan emperor to patrol the country all the year round, so the whole central government is in jeopardy. Even except the last emperor, the emperors of Liao Dynasty died in Gibbon, not in the bed of the capital.
Liao country has deserts and the Great Wall, which should be managed. Contrary to the cold in autumn and winter, spring and summer, and water grass fishing, getting old is a common thing. Every time I have my own residence, it's called Bona and Liao Wei Zhizhong.
In the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, the place where Liao emperors and their huge teams stayed for a long time was the place to raise pots, so there are three kinds of pots: spring pot, summer pot, autumn pot and winter pot, and the corresponding activities are spring water, cool summer, autumn mountain and sitting in winter.
Bona, which runs through the history of Liao Dynasty for more than 200 years, goes round and round all year round. Bona area in Liao Dynasty migrated, and the seasons changed, each season lasted for three months. After Emperor Sheng Zong of Liao Dynasty, Bona's position was relatively stable. Spring is the duck river area in Changchun, summer is Yong 'an Mountain and Tanshan Mountain, autumn is Qingzhou Khufu Forest, and winter is Yongzhou Guangping Lake.
The biggest threat to Liao after Song Yihe was in the northeast.
Judging from the constant migration all the year round, the Khitan talents are real riders. Even the emperor is either camping or on his way to camping. In this regard, some people in the Song Dynasty thought that "the four seasons are uncertain and hunting is wasteful", but in fact, this is the political system pursued by the Qidan people. The officials of the Khitan and the Chinese missionary society must obey, so the political affairs of the Liao Dynasty were also handled during the migration.
In the history of Liao country for more than 200 years, the record of Chunbona is 153, but the years when Chunbona was not carried out were mostly in the early Liao country, that is, during the war when the Song Dynasty invaded Xiping grassland.
With the expansion of the country, Bona's travel scope has gradually expanded. For example, when Lu Ji of Liao Taizong first established this system, its scope was only around the base camp, not called Bona, but called "architecture".
When Baoji was powerful, a building was built in Mu Ye Mountain, called the South Building. The north building is called the north building. Big tribes build buildings thousands of miles east, which is called the East Building. I went to Beijing today to buy a building called West Building. It's a four-hour walk between the fourth floors. -"Wu Jing Zong Yao"
The early rule of Liao was unstable, so Chunnan was a place.
However, with the reconciliation of the Southern Song Dynasty and the submission of the grasslands in the western regions, especially after the Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty, the Nuzhen nationality in the northeast became the most threatening existence in the Liao Dynasty. Of course, at that time, the Jurchen tribe was also subject to the Liao country, so we can also see that the political affairs of the Liao country have changed from foreign military wars to internal rule, mainly dealing with the relationship between the tribe and the vassal countries, especially the town governor of the northeast vassal countries.
After years of research by researchers, it is believed that Chunnab, the most remote place, moves eastward from Chagan Lake in Jilin from time to time, adjacent to Nuzhen, Zabu and Gu Wu.
Spring spoon is mainly to appease jurchen.
Emperor Liao's annual trip to Bona had important tasks to complete every season. For example, in the summer in Bona, the highest-level meeting between officials from the North and the South will be held.
Qidan's policy of governing the country is to implement the north-south official system, that is, the Qidan-Han partition. Han people are in charge of southern officials, while Khitans and other nationalities other than Han people are in charge of northern officials. Jin Yong's Xiao Feng, the king of the South Courtyard, was responsible for governing the Han people.
On the other hand, China is officially divided into north and south. Qidan was ruled by the state, and Han people were ruled by Han people. The official system of Liao State is divided into North Courtyard and South Courtyard. The north governs the government of the imperial court, tribes and subordinate countries, while the south governs the counties, taxes and military affairs of the Han people. It is appropriate to be bound by the world. -"Records of Hundred Officials in Liao History"
Dong Bo is mainly engaged in diplomacy, that is, receiving envoys from the Song Dynasty and other countries.
Chahu Bona Square
While Chunnabo mainly comes from Zhen Fu, Nuzhen and other northeast countries.
In the second year of Qing dynasty, the first month of spring was not new, such as Yajiang. Ding Chou, the ministers of the five countries came to pay tribute. Ding You in February is like Chunzhou. Fortunately, the mixed river hooks fish. Foreign nuzhen toast is thousands of miles away, so there must be a story when you come to Korea. -Biography of Liao History
The above paragraph is the record of Bona in the spring of Emperor Tianzuo, the last emperor of Liao Dynasty.
According to Chunnabo's schedule, "Qidan goes hunting in the first half of the first month of every year, once every 60 days." In other words, in the first month, it takes 60 days to reach Bona in spring. According to the current calendar, it's almost the end of March.
However, the leaders of the five countries and the out-of-bounds Jurchen tribe without Liao country were able to arrive at Chunnabo station in time to pay tribute. It can be seen that meeting the Jurchen tribe in Chunnabo has become a routine of government affairs in Liao Dynasty.
A mature woman gives birth to a jurchen and five kingdoms.
When Khitan conquered Bohai Sea, Jurchen belonged to Khitan. Under the rule of Liao, the rule of Jurchen took three forms according to different regions.
One is "mature women", that is, the Liao nationality is the main body, and mature women live in Changbai Mountain area, showing Liaodong and southern Liaoning areas. The subordinate countries and departments established by Liao in this area are called Dadingfu.
"Five ripe female true tribe. In all, there are more than 65,438+00,000 families, all living in mountainous areas and forests, and they are especially good at hunting. They were sent to the Privy Council of Qidan or under the guardianship of Bohai people. It covers more than 700 miles from north to south, 400 miles from east to west and 500 miles from northwest to Tokyo.
In addition to mature women do belong to the jurisdiction of the fifth division, and mature women do belong to Liao management. "The mature women from the southeast are not under the control of the Khitan. More than 800 miles from east to west, north to south 1000 miles. Residents scattered in the mountains, farmed houses, like mature women. However, there are no princes and leaders who are good at riding and shooting. Since ancient times, there have been no thieves going to court, and they are free to walk around, ranging from a few hundred to three or two. "
The second is "the birth of the Jurchen", that is, the out-of-bounds Jurchen.
This land is Sushen area. Thousands of miles away, account m
"Ali, Peng Nuri, Orimi, Li Yue Benedict, Li Yue Ji Guo, when the holy religion came, lived in their homeland, with the northeast border of the town as the boundary, belonging to the deployment division of Huanglongfu. -"National Records of Qidan"
When Liao was powerful, we set up five envoys, all of whom were Khitans. However, there were frequent rebellions in the five countries in the later period, and even our envoys were withdrawn from Liao.
Not only the five ministries, but also the ministries became a thorn in Liao's side with the increasing strength. Although it was to pacify these jurchen, Bona in the spring became the fuse of jurchen rebellion.
Hunting map of Liao tomb murals
The fish caught by the emperor himself is the first fish.
After the demise of Liao State, Akuta Wan Yan almost died because he attended the spring ceremony.
Meet a fish feast, half drunk, go to Lin Xuan, and order the chief to dance. I can't do it alone. Over and over again, you will never obey. On Sunday, he secretly told Feng Xiao, the special envoy of the Tang Dynasty, "The banquet the day before yesterday was so arrogant that he didn't care much, so he could punish it with a sideline. Otherwise there will be future trouble. " Feng Xian said, "Barbarians don't know manners. If you kill them without making a big mistake, it will hurt their hearts. " -"Liao History"
As can be seen from the above, with the decline of Liao country, Chun's attitude towards Nuzhen has also changed from town to care. Akuta Yan Hong can repeatedly reject the will of the Liao Emperor, which also shows that Jurchen is powerful, and of course, the historical process also proves this point.
"Fish Head Banquet" is the climax of the popular "winter fishing" ceremony around today. Today's winter catch also sells head fish, but in the Liao Dynasty, only the emperor caught it himself was called head fish.
Cheng Dachang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, recorded the hooked fish of the Liao emperor in detail in his book Liao History.
In order to catch fish, the emperor and the empress dowager will camp on the ice. When it's time to hook fish, send someone to block the upper and lower reaches of the river for ten miles with nets in case no fish can be caught. At the beginning of fishing, there must be attendants to drive all the fish to the emperor.
The way to hook fish is to cut four holes in the ice, one of which is water-cut, and the other three holes need to be permeable. In principle, fish also like to breathe freely underwater, so they gather around the ice cave, and the other three holes are to observe the position of fish under the ice.
When the big fish and small fish came, the emperor hooked the fish and threw the hook and rope directly into the ice cave. After catching big fish, the fish swam around with hooks, but because of the rope, the fish could pull them up with all their strength.
"If you catch the first fish, you can buy wine for the banquet." After the emperor catches the fish himself, he will hold a "head fish banquet" to entertain the leaders of the Nuzhen tribe, which can also be regarded as a "state banquet".
Territory map of Liao country
After the relaxation of relations with the Song Dynasty, the grassland surrendered, and external attacks and logging stopped, the internal stability should be improved. The emperors of Liao Dynasty patrolled the territory all the year round, not only checking the defense, reviewing the drills, but also appeasing the vassal states. Especially later, the Wanyan tribe unified the Jurchen, and the five countries often rebelled, so the place where the Liao emperor took the spring pot moved to the northeast.
Emperor Liao of course knew that the banquet could not feed the Jurchen Wolf, so he chose Chunnabo, which borders the Jurchen tribe. Naturally, he showed off his strength.
In the spring, in addition to "the state soldiers on the border, each defending his own side", the emperor of the Liao Dynasty came with a large number of elite imperial troops like the army. According to historical records, there are at least 4,000 Khitan soldiers guarding Bona, which is definitely a huge deterrent force in sparsely populated Northeast China.
The tradition of the Khitan people is fishing and hunting, and the emperor of Liao Dynasty naturally emphasized the tradition when fishing for head fish. The reception of Nuzhen leaders in the spring wave can be regarded as showing their own strength, so the spring wave can be regarded as an effective combination of life, military and social affairs management.
Even if the State of Jin destroyed the State of Liao, it inherited this system. Later, the Mongolian Yuan regime and the Qing Dynasty regime, the grassland peoples who occupied the Central Plains, more or less followed this tradition. This is mainly because life customs and beliefs are highly similar.