After the establishment of the glass factory, under the unified command of the emperor and the management minister of the manufacturing institute, the glass production in Qing Dynasty embarked on the track of steady development. According to incomplete statistics, there were monochrome glass, enamel glass, mosaic glass, carved glass, gold-plated glass and other varieties in Kangxi dynasty, and gold-plated glass was added in Yongzheng dynasty.
Monochrome glass refers to glassware blown with monochromatic glass. Monochrome glass in Kangxi Dynasty is the inheritance and development of glass making technology before Qing Dynasty. In the past, the Palace Museum in Beijing only collected a piece of transparent glass water. Monochrome glass was the mainstream product at that time, and it produced the largest number and the richest variety during Yongzheng period. Monochrome glass can be divided into "Nie glass" and "Bright glass". "Nie glass" refers to opaque glass and "bright glass" refers to transparent glass.
Enamel is a kind of glaze coated on metal tires, porcelain tires and glass tires, which was introduced to China from Europe during the Kangxi period. Glass tire painting enamel is the earliest glass decoration technology in Qing Dynasty, which began in Kangxi dynasty, but the glass tire painting enamel in Kangxi dynasty has never been seen.
Another innovation in the glass manufacturing process of Kangxi Dynasty was the successful firing of a set of glass. The so-called "cover glass" refers to an object made of more than two colors of glass. There are two ways to make it. One is to cover the glass tire with another color different from the tire color, and then carve patterns on the outer glass; One is to directly pattern the tire with a heated semi-molten color bar. Glass cover is the product of the combination of glass forming technology and carving technology, and it is an important invention in the history of glass making technology. Articles made by these two methods can see the effect of convex carving, which not only has the beauty of glass texture and color, but also has the three-dimensional sense of concave and convex patterns.
Gilded glass is another innovative glass variety in Kangxi Dynasty. However, there is no record of making gold glass in Yongzheng archives; However, in the archives of Yongzheng Dynasty, the production of gilded glass was recorded, and the golden pattern was painted on the glass surface. The production method should be derived from the practice of gilded paint in lacquer art.
Throughout history, the Kangxi dynasty was the beginning and foundation stone laying period of the official glass making process in the Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the glass factory is the product of Michelle Ye, Emperor Kangxi, inheriting China's traditional glass-making technology and absorbing European science and technology. It is also the result of the royal family's attention and love for glass products. Glittering glassware became the new favorite of works of art in Qing dynasty and an important gift of the emperor. There were as many as 30 kinds of glass colors in Yongzheng period, which were colorful and colorful, and became the highlight of glass making technology in Yongzheng period. Qianlong dynasty was the most brilliant and all-round development period of glass making technology in Qing dynasty. Jiaqing is a turning point in glass production technology. Since then, the glass factory of the manufacturing institute has been devastated, and the technological level has gradually declined. The history of the development of glass craft production in Qing dynasty is closely related to the rise and fall of Qing dynasty, which is an irresistible development law of government-run workshops.
Who invented glass?
How many years has glass been with human beings?
Before 3500 BC, the ancient Egyptians first invented glass. They use it to make jewelry and knead it into very small glass bottles. By 1000 BC, the ancient Egyptians had mastered the glass blowing technology and could blow out glass products of various shapes.
In order to commemorate this invention of the ancient Egyptians, many modern crystal glass works have Egyptian heads and patterns of ancient Romans fighting with Egyptians.
After the defeat of ancient Rome, the prisoners of war in ancient Egypt were put on Venice Island to make glass, and the glass-making technology spread to Italy, which led to the famous Venice glass heyday. Around the middle of16th century, Italian craftsmen began to dig and use crystals. However, due to the small hardness and reserves of rock crystals, it is difficult to make them into utensils. Therefore, by the second half of17th century, Italian glass manufacturers invented "artificial crystal", also known as crystal glass, by adding a certain proportion of lead into quartz sand solution. Artificial crystal not only overcomes the above shortcomings of rock crystal, but also has high transparency, good refractive performance, heavy weight, cutting resistance and easy carving, so it has become an important milestone in the history of glass development. Ushered in the heyday of Italian glass.
(2) What is Bohemian crystal glass?
What are the characteristics of Bohemian crystal glass?
As early as the beginning of the AD, Bohemians learned glass making from Italians, and smart Bohemians relied on two unique Bohemian forest resources:
(1) high-quality quartz sand ore belt
(2) Rich oak resources, people burn oak trees to smelt quartz sand, and then extract high-quality potassium carbonate from oak ashes and dissolve it in glass solution, thus giving birth to the world-famous Bohemian "forest glass". Bohemians not only learned to make white crystal glass in Italy, but also introduced colored glass unique to Bohemia. It surpassed Venice glass and became the best crystal glass in the world.
/kloc-in the 9th century, according to the physical and chemical characteristics of different elements, Czech craftsmen put forward the latest chemical formulas. They added different non-ferrous metal elements, such as gold, silver, calcium, cobalt, uranium, lithium copper oxide and so on. Into the glass solution, red, yellow, blue, green, purple and other different colors of crystal glass, also known as Crystal Lin. Turn crystal glass into colorful colors, and from then on, "Czech crystal-transparent gold"
L's fame spread all over the world.
(A) crystal classification
1, stone crystal-also known as quartz stone, is formed by natural crystallization, and its main component is silicon dioxide. The color is mostly light yellow (a little purple-brown), and the hardness is about 8, and it can only melt at 2000 degrees. Can only be carved and polished into small products, not processed into large vessels.
2. Artificial crystal-(lead crystal, lead-free crystal, forest crystal)
(1), lead crystal: It is made by melting quartz sand (mainly composed of silicon dioxide) with a certain content of lead oxide. Lead can reduce its hardness, and the hardness is about 4.
Features ① Heavy quality, soft quality and cutting resistance.
(2) high transparency and good refractive performance,
(3) There is a metallic sound. (It is the biggest feature different from ordinary glass)
(2) Lead-free crystal: high-quality potassium carbonate is dissolved in quartz sand, and lead is replaced by potassium, also called potassium glass, with a hardness of about 6.
(3) Crystal Lin: Adding different metal elements into the potassium glass solution makes the crystal glass show different colors. Known as colored crystal glass, the hardness is mostly 6.
Features: ① Crystal clear, good refractive performance.
(2) It has high hardness, strong toughness and relatively impact resistance, and is more suitable for carving and depicting the glass surface.
③ Retain and surpass the metallic acoustic characteristics of lead crystal.
The biggest selling point of lead-free crystal is the combination of light and music.
(2) Technology
1, white crystal (lead crystal, lead-free crystal)
(1), Lead Crystal Technology
Blow molding: mold blow molding (manual) machine blow molding (machine)
(2) Forming, polishing and mechanical pressing.
③ Cutting:
Machine cutting: (cutting grass) cut the glass surface with a grinder and carve patterns.
Manual cutting: simple cutting: deep acid polishing. Fire polishing.
Complex cutting: precision cutting and soft cutting.
(4) Precision polishing: manual polishing, with geometric figures as the main shape, three-dimensional and multi-edge shading.
(2) Lead-free crystal: crystal glass is synthesized with high-quality potassium carbonate instead of lead oxide. Lead-free glass has higher hardness than lead glass, so it is not suitable for complicated cutting and polishing, and can only be used for simple cutting, surface carving, gold plating and silver plating.
2, color series:
In color products, the process is usually mixed.
(1) ignition
(1) Manual blowing-air blowing and molding blowing.
Wrap the glass melted at 1400℃ with the tip of an iron pipe, blow hard, and form in a short time.
Blowing is to improvise the shape of glass with the imagination of artisans.
Blow molding is based on the shape of glass blown by wooden or metal molds.
(2) Manual thermoforming (kiln glass): When the glass is at a high temperature of 1000- 1400 degrees Celsius, the glass is cut or stretched with scissors, and different artistic shapes are created according to the imagination and design of craftsmen.
Fixed shape
Improvise (the top work of this craft is Ronini).
(2) Gold painting
① Redrawing gold series: This kind of products have the most classical European royal style, and the surface is decorated with heavy gold powder, which is refined by hand painting and plastic spraying. Its value depends on the purity and quantity of gold, the density of enamel flowers and the complexity of patterns. Usually its artificial content is above 70% to 90%; The outstanding feature of BCT products is that the surface decoration gold is pure gold. This kind of product is divided into manual bottle embryo and machine bottle embryo, and the manual value is higher than that of machine. Johnson & Johnson company Q brand products have payment certificate provided by BCT.
② Pale gold and silver series
Can be divided into colored light gold and silver (such as gold leaf series) and colorless light gold and silver (such as Yujin and Yujin series);
③ Hand-painted: hand-painted plane painting technology: enamel flower.
④ Carving: hand carving (red and blue carving, goose series)
Computer Sculpture (Flower Cup, Orchid)
(3), color matching process:
The top technology is chemical formula: according to the physical and chemical characteristics of different metal elements, different colors are fired and mixed with metal elements to produce different colors.
Add gold red,
Add silver yellow,
Add calcium-appear green,
Add cobalt blue.
Adding purple ammonium,
Adding copper with agate color,
Add lithium oxide-marble color.
② Spraying process:
It is a coloring technology of high-temperature baking, which can be used inside and outside glass bottle embryo, not only for crystal bottle embryo, but also for lead crystal bottle embryo (such as machine-made gold plating series, simple gold plating series and color triangle redrawing gold). Surface painting, such as interior painting of classic series products, such as mechanism gold-plated series and simple gold-plated series.
③ Surface coloring:
The exterior of the bottle is partially glazed, and some raw materials contain cadmium. For example, when the temperature is lower than 1000 degrees, cadmium is easily released from the product when it is used, which will cause harm to people's brain and nervous system, so the temperature control must be accurate. Generally, the temperature of small factories is controlled manually, and the products produced by BCT (such as red, blue and purple engraving series) are absolutely safe and reliable.