From 3000 BC to 1000 BC, the nomadic Sem people in Alhabo Peninsula made three great migrations to Syria and its vicinity during the Sem civilization. In the last few hundred years of 3000 BC, Amore people of Sem entered Syria, established many small kingdoms, and formed the first Sem humanization of Syria. Around 2000 BC, the second Saman who moved into Syria, Lebanon and Palestine on a large scale was a Canaanite. They established some fragmented city-states on the east coast and inland of the Mediterranean and created Canaan culture.
At the end of the second millennium BC, Syria entered the Iron Age. At that time, a Canaanite living in the middle of the eastern Mediterranean, that is, Phoenician, developed maritime trade and promoted economic and cultural exchanges among countries along the Mediterranean. At the same time, he created Phoenician characters with 22 consonants, which made great contributions to world culture.
From the second millennium BC to the middle of 1 millennium BC, the third Sami benefactor who moved to Syria was Aramaic. The cities they built, such as Hama and Damascus, and the Aramaic script they used are precious heritages of Syrian culture.
From 2000 BC to the 6th century BC, other nationalities that entered and competed for Syria were Hissoli, Julians, Egyptians, Hittites, Assyrians, Chaldeans and Persians.
During the Hellenistic period, Alexander the Great defeated the army of the Persian emperor and occupied Syria in 333 BC. By the time of Seleuc Kingdom (3 12 ~ ⑥4 BC), Greek culture and Samian culture infiltrated each other, forming Hellenistic Syrian culture, which provided an important source for the formation of Arab culture.
In 4 BC, Rome annexed Syria. During Roman rule, an Arab-American country founded by palmira appeared in Syria. From the 2nd century to the 3rd century, palmira people played an active intermediary role in East-West trade. In 272, palmira was destroyed by the Eastern Roman Emperor Guo.
In 636, during the Rab period, Khalifa Omar I conquered Syria. The establishment of Syrian unity and rule by Arabs is a major turning point in Syrian history. Since then, Syria has become a Labohua and a Lanshua.
In 66 1 year, Syrian governor Muawiyah seized power, claimed to be the first, made Damascus his capital, and established the Umayyad dynasty in Arabia (66 1 ~ 750). During its unification and rule, the relations of production between the blockade and the construction in Syria further developed, and various cultural sources began to meet. During the Abbasid Dynasty (750 ~ 1258), although the center of the empire moved to Baghdad, Syria still occupied an important position in creating a splendid A-La-Bo-I-Si-Lan culture.
In the second half of the 9th century, the Abbasid dynasty declined. Since then, Toulon, Ikhsid, Hamdan, Fatima, Seljuk, Crusaders, Zanji, ayub (1171~1260), Mamluk (1250).
From the 1 1 century to the13rd century, Syrians and people actively participated in Saladin's war to stop the crusaders' aggression and Baybars's war to repel the Mongols' attack, making contributions to saving Arabs and Arabs from long-term foreign aggression and defending Arab culture.
15 16 During the Ottoman period, Syria was incorporated into the territory of the Ottoman Empire, which once spanned Europe, Asia and Africa until 19 18 the end of World War I. The Ottoman government imposed arbitrary pressure and coercion on the Syrian civil affairs, ruthlessly plundered the economy, and implemented ignorant civil affairs and policies in culture. /kloc-After the 0/8th century, with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, a large number of foreign capitals invaded Syria. /kloc-at the end of 0/8, French capital occupied an absolute advantage in major cities in Syria. The invasion of foreign capital prompted the emergence of capital owners in Syria in the19th century. From 183 1 to 1840, Egypt was nominally a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, and Governor Molizhan took Syria 10.
/kloc-In the second half of the 20th century, the Arab-American cultural renaissance in Syria flourished in Syria and Lebanon. Boustaany, abdul rahman Kawasaki, etc. The cultural revival movement inspired the national consciousness of Alabo people and paved the way for the national liberation movement of Alabo. Some secret folk, clansmen, vigilante groups and organizations have been established one after another, such as "Youth Alhabo Club" and "Covenant Club". Damascus has become the center of the Arab movement.
During the First World War, Syrians and people suffered more serious disasters and sufferings. The Ottoman emperor had a powerful military, forced Syrians and people to serve as cannon fodder, brutally slaughtered towns, suppressed love and split the country. 19 16 In June, Sharif Hussein of Mecca held an anti-Turkish uprising. Hussein's third son, Faisal, led the army to fight the British army from the Arabian Peninsula, and a large number of Syrians took part in the battle. 19 18 years, 10 years, Faisal captured Syria and became the official residence of Damascus, ending the 300-year military unification and rule of Ottoman China in Syria. Since then, the coastal areas of Lebanon and Syria have been controlled by France, and the inland areas of Syria from Aqaba to Aleppo have been controlled by Faisal's army and team. ?
The first Syrian National Congress was held in Damascus in July 2009, during the period of French reunification and the rule of 1965438. The General Assembly called for the recognition of Syria, including Palestine, as an independent sovereign state, rejected the Sykes-Picot Agreement and the Balfour Declaration, and rejected the appointment proposal of unity and governance. The Paris Peace Conference turned a deaf ear to this.
1920 in March, the second national congress of Syria declared Syria's independence and made Faisal king. In April, the Supreme Allied Council held a meeting in San Remo and decided that Syria and Lebanon should be ruled by France. /kloc-in July of 0/4, H.-J.-E. Guro, commander of the French army, issued an ultimatum to Faisal to unconditionally accept the appointment of French unification and rule within a time limit. Then, the French army advanced to Damascus. Syrian soldiers and civilians fought fiercely with the French army in Messeron. On 25th, the French army entered Damascus, deposed Faisal, and Syria and Lebanon fell into French hands.
In order to divide the anti-French forces, the French colonial authorities divided Syria and Lebanon into several independent areas. The French High Commissioner is in charge of everything, and the local government is entirely in the hands of the deputy and relatives of the High Commissioner. Colonization occurred in the local government. Disputes between religions, people and ethnic groups have emerged and political parties have been established. Those who are strict with towns and love the countryside are oppressed. Meanwhile, Syrians were forced to learn French. In some areas, Arabic is forbidden. French capital controls and controls the economic lifeline of Syria, squeezing a lot of profits, leading to a decline in production and a decline in people's livelihood. Syrians, people and French colonialists fought bravely, and their justice continued to exist everywhere. Especially from 1925 to 1927, the national uprising led by Traci and abdul rahman Shah Bandel dealt a heavy blow to the French rulers (see Syrian uprising). In order to alleviate the Syrian people's resistance to the law, the French rulers repeatedly played tricks, such as recognizing Syria's independence, implementing the Constitution and laws, and establishing themselves from the government, such as the Franco-Syrian Treaty signed in 1936.
1939, France took advantage of the tension that the Second World War was about to break out, abolished the Constitution and laws, and resumed its military unity and rule over Syria. 1940, the Vichy government of France surrendered, and Syria and Lebanon were controlled by Germany. 194 1 From June to July, the British army and Charles de Gaulle's self-defense forces entered Syria and Lebanon, driving away the forces of Germany, France and France. In September, G. catroux, commander-in-chief of the French army, declared Syria's independence.
1943 In July, Syria resumed its constitution and laws, held parliamentary elections, and established its own government. 1946 On April 17, both British and French teams were forced to leave Syria. Syria has designated this day as Independence Day and National Day.
After Syria's independence, in the face of the complicated domestic situation and the threat of aggression from the emperor, the country and the righteous, the landlord class, the government, the political alliance, the alliance, the people, the ethnic groups and the regiment are evenly matched. After the first Middle East War, the domestic political situation became more active. Only during the period of 1949 ~ 195 1 year, four military and political changes supported by the United States and Britain took place in Syria. 1954 In February, Klee, who seized power by regime change, was overthrown by the army and troops. Then, parliamentary elections were held all over the country, and the people, the nation and the main forces prevailed. The Alabo Renaissance Society and the party won a total victory and participated in the Coalition government with Kuwatri as President.
1958 In February, Syria merged with Egypt and became the United Arab Emirates. 196 1 On September 28th, Syria announced that it would leave the United Arab Emirates and become an UAE. 1on March 8, 963, the Fuxing Society and communist party launched the government, which was successful and they have been in power ever since. 1In June 1967, the third Middle East war broke out, and Israel occupied the Syrian Golan Heights. 1970165438+1October 13. Hafiz al-Assad launched the "rectification movement" to reorganize the regional leaders, directors and governments of Baath Society and communist party, and become their own masters. The following year, he was elected president. Since Assad came to power, the national economy, especially agriculture, which is the pillar of Syrian economy, has developed greatly. In the late 20th century, Syria's economy developed slowly due to the expansion of defense expenditure and the failure of agriculture.
On June 10, 2000, Assad died. The second son, Bashar al-Assad, succeeded to the presidency on July 10 of the same year.
Since 20 1 1, a protracted conflict has broken out between the Syrian government and Syrian anti-right factions. The anti-government, anti-government and anti-regime activities in Syria began on 20 1 1 year1October 26th, and were upgraded to1March 26th. Subsequently, anti-government, anti-government and anti-power activities evolved into military assaults.
Subsequently, officers and men who were dissatisfied with President Bashar al-Assad's former government forces and government forces began to leave the team with light weapons and weapons, set up "self-defense forces", and turned their guns to fight with government forces and government forces. With the intensification of the rebellion, a large number of Sunni officers and men chose rebellion and change. 20 12 In just a few days in March, many generals and colonels joined the Self-Defense Forces and entered Turkey. In a year's time, the number of self-defense forces has grown to about 50 thousand.
Extreme military forces, including the "Islamic State" and Christian groups, subsequently intervened, and the conflict between religions and factions became more and more obvious. 20 12 on June 26th, President Bashar al-Assad declared that Syria was in a state of war. 20 12 Since September, a large number of Syrians have fled the war and become international refugees. ?
20 1 1 ~20 15, Syria was torn by this bloody rush. About 200,000 Syrians died in this civil war, and nearly half of the civilians in the country were displaced. Satellite photos show that after the civil war in Syria in 20 1 1 year, the night light in Syria decreased by 83%. ?
On 20 16 12 16, the Russian Ministry of Defence officially announced to the media that the Syrian government forces and government forces had been completely dissolved and the eastern part of Aleppo, the second largest city, had been released. ?
2065438+2007165438+1October 8, at the new round of United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Bonn, Germany, Syria announced that it would sign and join the Paris Agreement as soon as possible, fulfill its promise, and called on the international community to support it in fulfilling its promise. ?
20 17 12, SCO Director Rashid Alimov said at the meeting of academic committees and members of the Far East Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow that Syria applied to join the SCO.