Wen Yuan Pavilion, located behind the Wenhua Hall in Donghuamen, Beijing Palace Museum, is the largest royal library in the Forbidden City. It is the essence of Chinese ancient Han Palace architecture, facing south, and its cabinet system is imitated from Tianyi Pavilion in Fan Shi, Ningbo, Zhejiang. In the thirty-eighth year of Qianlong (1773), Emperor Qianlong ordered the collection of books, opened the Library of Sikuquanshu and compiled it. In the thirty-ninth year of Qianlong, a letter was issued to build a library. In the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), the palace library behind the Wenhua Hall was built, and the Emperor Qianlong named Wenyuan Pavilion to store the first fine edition of Sikuquanshu.

In ancient China, black represented water in the five elements, and the glazed tiles of Wen Yuan Pavilion used black as a symbol of fire prevention. The gray exterior wall, green colonnade and carved window bars are solemn and elegant, and the roof is painted with hippopotamus negative books and calligraphy scrolls, showing a distant and indifferent artistic conception.

After Wenyuan Pavilion was built in the forty-first year of Qianlong (1776), the emperor held a banquet here every year. In forty-seven years (1782), when the Complete Book of Sikuquanshu was completed, Emperor Qianlong hosted a banquet in Wen Yuan Pavilion to reward officials and participants at all levels who compiled the Complete Book of Sikuquanshu, which was unprecedented.

After the compilation of Sikuquanshu, it initially took six years to copy four original editions. Except one Wen Yuan Pavilion, the other three parts are stored in Wen Yuan Pavilion, Jinwen Pavilion and Wenshui Pavilion, and the four pavilions are also called "North Temple Pavilion". After that, there are three volumes in Wenzong Pavilion, Wenhui Pavilion and Wen Lan Pavilion, which are called "Nansan Pavilion". Seven books have been lost or collected by the library. The Wen Yuan Pavilion is now in the National Palace Museum in Taipei.

2. Wensui Pavilion in Shenyang Forbidden City, Liaoning Province

Wenshui Pavilion is located in the Forbidden City in Shenyang. Its architectural structure, like Wenyuan Pavilion, was born out of Tianyi Pavilion and was built in 178 1.

Wensui Pavilion means "tracing back to the roots". Gan Long said in "Wen Sui Ge Ji": "The names of the four pavilions are all crowned with words, but if they are deep, if they are source, if they are Tianjin, if they are traced back, they all start from water."

After Yuan Shikai proclaimed himself emperor in Beijing, Wensui Pavilion's "Four Ku Quanshu" arrived in Beijing, which became a gift from Yuan Shikai, a national thief, and cultural classics cast a heavy shadow. 1922, Siku Quanshu, which was neglected for many days in the Forbidden City, was targeted by the Qing Dynasty and wanted to be sold to the Japanese. At this critical moment, Professor Shen Jianshi of Peking University stepped forward and spoke out with the national cultural conscience and patriotic feelings of an intellectual, saving the fate of the national treasure. 193 1 year, under the call of Zhang Xueliang and others, Sikuquanshu returned to its "home" Wensui Pavilion. "September 18th Incident", the northeast fell, and Wensui Pavilion fell into the hands of the Japanese. After the founding of New China, Wen's Sikuquanshu really returned to the people's hands. 1966 10, Sino-Soviet relations were tense, and for the sake of war preparedness, this book was shipped from Wenshui Pavilion in Shenyang Forbidden City to Gansu. Existing in Gansu Provincial Library.

3. Wenyuan Pavilion in Yuanmingyuan, Beijing

186 1 year165438+1October 25th, an old man with white hair and beard angrily wrote: "One day, two robbers from Europe broke into Yuanmingyuan. One robber robbed property and another robber set fire to it. It seems that after winning, you can start stealing. They plundered Yuanmingyuan on a large scale, and the stolen goods were divided equally between the two winners. "

This old man is Hugo, and his spearhead is directed at the heinous crime committed by the British and French allied forces in Beijing in 1860-burning the Yuanmingyuan. The fire that dyed the red night sky was not only a national pain, but also a catastrophe in the history of world culture. In this catastrophe, a library also turned into broken bricks and tiles in the flame.

This library in Yuanmingyuan is called Wen Yuan Pavilion, which was built in the autumn of 1774 and completed in the spring of the following year. Emperor Qianlong hid the third Siku Quanshu here.

According to historical records, the top of Wen Yuange's "Siku Quanshu" is printed with the seals of Wen Yuange's treasure and the ancient emperor. At the end of the page are printed "Yuanmingyuan Treasure" and "Master Xintian". Gan Long likes glitz and luxury. Since the restoration of Wenyuan Pavilion, he has visited Yuanmingyuan many times to enjoy life and reading.

In the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded the Yuanmingyuan, facing the garden like a moon palace. Like a group of ferocious and cruel beasts, they plundered and burned everywhere in the garden, and black smoke enveloped the night sky in Beijing. Wen Yuan Pavilion and its treasured Sikuquanshu were not spared and eventually turned to ashes. This is a catastrophe in the history of human culture.

Now, the gloomy fire has already dissipated, leaving only a foundation of Wenyuan Pavilion, telling the story of yesterday to everyone passing by it in the lush grass.

4. Jinwen Pavilion in Chengde, Hebei Province

Wenjinge is located in the west of the plain area of Rehe Palace (now Chengde City, Hebei Province) and was built in Qianlong for 39 years.

It was built in (1774) imitating Tianyi Pavilion in Ningbo, Zhejiang. It is not only an important library in Qing Dynasty, but also a small garden with distinctive features. There is a collection of Sikuquanshu, as well as the classification of classics, history, books and collections, with a total of 3,503 volumes, 79,337 volumes and 3.63 million volumes, which is a very valuable cultural heritage. Li Hong (Emperor Qianlong) wrote in Jin Wen Ting Ji: "If you want to trace the source of the stream from the branch, you must first care about knowing its Tianjin." This sentence means "bronze inscription".

Man Kam Pavilion is a two-story pavilion, but it is actually a three-story pavilion with a dark building in the middle. The dark floor is made of nanmu, which can prevent insects from eating and is a place to collect books. The design of this pavilion is based on the statement of "natural water" and "60% soil" in the Book of Changes. The six catalpa on the first floor are divided into six single rooms, and the six catalpa on the top floor are connected into a large room to put out the fire with "soil six" and "sky one". Man Kam Pavilion is surrounded by walls, facing south, facing the water on three sides, and there are foyer, rockery, pool, Man Kam Pavilion and tablet pavilion from south to north. In the northeast of the pavilion, there is a water gate connected with the water system of the villa. The water in the pool in front of the pavilion is very clear. People looked into the pool at a specific position in front of the pavilion and saw a crescent moon swaying with the waves, but the sky was sunny. It turns out that this is a semi-circular gap similar to the first quarter moon opened by the gardener on the rockery in southern China. The reflection of the second quarter moon is formed in the water by using light, which constitutes a strange landscape of "the sun and the moon shine together".

In Wenjinge, 10,000 volumes of Ancient and Modern Books Integration and four sets of Imperial Poems were originally collected, and 1785 also collected Sikuquanshu here. 19 15, Ge's Sikuquanshu was transported back to Beijing by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the National Government, stored in the Antiquities Preservation Institute, and then transferred to the newly established library (the predecessor of the National Library) for preservation. So today, it has become a treasure of the National Library. The ancient and modern books collected were sold by warlords in their early years.

5. Wenzong Pavilion in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province

Wenzong Pavilion is located in Jinshan Temple in Zhenjiang, Jiangsu Province, and was built in 1779. The attic imitates the "Tianyi Pavilion" and forms a quadrangle with the cloisters on both sides and the gatehouse in front of the pavilion. The library faces the Yangtze River, and the snow waves are rolling and boundless, and the cliff behind the building is magnificent. Emperor Qianlong came to Wenzong Pavilion, full of poetry and painting, and wrote: "There are hundreds of rivers here, and this place is really worthy of this article."

However, Qianlong, who was intoxicated with the prosperous scene of Kanggan, would not have thought that the Qing Dynasty after him was gradually declining. 1842, the British army shelled Zhenjiang, and the collection of Wenzong Pavilion was damaged. On March 3,1,1853, General Luo Outline of Taiping Heavenly Kingdom stormed Zhenjiang, and the manuscripts of Wenzong Pavilion and Siku Quanshu were burned to ashes by the smoke of war.

After a lapse of 160 years, Wenzong Pavilion was rebuilt on 20 1 1, and its former style reappeared in its heyday.

6. Wen Hui Pavilion in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province

Wenhui Pavilion was built in 1780, in the imperial garden of Yangzhou Palace, the ancient city, with the words "Wenhui Pavilion" and "East Wall Flowing Emblem" engraved on it, and it also collects ancient and modern books and Sikuquanshu.

Wen Hui Pavilion, like other libraries, looks like a two-story building, but actually a mezzanine is secretly designed by using the upper and lower floors between the two floors, so that the interior is divided into three floors. People can't help admiring the superb architectural design art in Qing Dynasty. On the first floor or so, the Department of Economics is placed, with the History Department in the middle, the branch library on the left and the collection department on the right. On the top floor, it is orderly and convenient for readers to read.

1790, the imperial edict of Qianlong said: "Once the books in the storage cabinet are collected, the people in this province who want to read Chinese books are allowed to copy them in the cabinet, and they are not allowed to bring them back without permission, resulting in slight losses." During the 70-year existence of Wen Hui Pavilion, a scholar went in and out of Wen Hui Pavilion to learn the essence and inherit the culture. In the sense of progress, all kinds of books in Wenhuige are like seeds, which blossom and bear fruit in the cultural land in the south of the Yangtze River.

1854, Wen Hui Pavilion and its books were destroyed by the raging fire of Taiping Army.

7. Wen Lan Pavilion in Hangzhou, Zhejiang

Wen Lan Pavilion is located at the southern foot of Gushan Mountain in West Lake, Hangzhou, in the Zhejiang Provincial Museum. It was founded in the 47th year of Qing Qianlong (AD 1782). It is one of the seven collections built for the collection of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty, and it is also the only surviving one among the three museums in the south of the Yangtze River. The latest of the seven royal libraries is the Wen Lan Pavilion, which was built at 1782 and located at Shengyin Temple in Gushan, West Lake, Hangzhou, and was completed the following year. It is a building that rests on the top of a mountain with double eaves, and its layout is obviously ingenious and thoughtful. In front of the pavilion, the rockery is green, the bridge is flowing, and a goddess peak rockery stands in the clarification pool. There is a pavilion beside the pool, and the poems inscribed by Qianlong are engraved on the front of the monument, and the imperial edict of Sikuquanshu is engraved on the back of the monument.

In the 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1), the Taiping Army captured Hangzhou, and the Wen Lan Pavilion was no different from the military camp. These soldiers didn't care about protecting the building and the books they collected, and a large number of books were scattered all over the place. Faced with the critical situation of national treasures, book collectors Ding Shen and Ding Bing stepped forward and spared no expense to find national treasures in the streets. Make great efforts to mend some broken books. After years of hard work, 34,796 books have been added. Yao Qian, the director of Zhejiang Library, has been in office for seven years after Zhang Zongxiang. He is known as "Mao Yi Bu Copy" and "Gui Hai Bu Copy" in history. The complete Siku Quanshu, which has been copied twice and condensed the essence of the National Library, is the best one in the world. At present, only three Jiangnan pavilions, Wen Lan Pavilion and Sikuquanshu, remain in the world, becoming "southeast treasures".

8. Fan's "Tianyi Pavilion" in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province

The name "Tianyi Pavilion" takes its meaning from Zheng Xuan's statement that "water is in the sky" in the Book of Changes. Because fire is the biggest disaster of the library, "water is in the sky" can be replaced by water, so it is named "Tianyi Pavilion". Tianyi Pavilion is the earliest private library in China, the oldest library in Asia and one of the three oldest family libraries in the world. Covering an area of 26,000 square meters, it was built in the middle of Ming Dynasty and presided over by Fan Qin, the retired right assistant minister of the Ministry of War.

Tianyi Pavilion alone, with its 300,000 ancient books, swept away all the glories of the existing libraries in China. There are at least two things in the history of Tianyi Pavilion. One is the compilation of Sikuquanshu in Qing Dynasty. Tianyige presented more than 600 ancient books, of which 96 were included in Sikuquanshu and more than 300 were included in the catalogue. Second, the library and architectural structure of Tianyi Pavilion were highly praised by Qianlong, who ordered people to survey the style of Tianyi Pavilion's houses and bookcases. On this basis, seven royal libraries, including Wen Yuan Pavilion, Wen Yuan Pavilion, Jinwen Pavilion, Wenshui Pavilion, Wen Lan Pavilion and Wenzong Pavilion, were built in Beijing, Shenyang, Chengdu, Yangzhou, Zhenhang and other places to collect the Four Ku Quanshu. Tianyi pavilion is famous all over the world.

Haiyuan Pavilion of Yang Yizeng in Liaocheng, Shandong, Bronze Sword Building in Changshu Qu, Jiangsu, Eight Thousand Volumes Building in Zhejiang and Lushi Building in Zhejiang are collectively called the four private libraries in China in the Qing Dynasty.

9. Haiyuan Pavilion is located in the center of Liaocheng, a famous historical and cultural city in China. It was founded by Yang Yizeng, Governor of Jiangnan River in Qing Dynasty in the 20th year of Daoguang (1840), with a total collection of more than 4,000 kinds and 220,000 volumes. There are countless inscriptions and paintings, and the collection is "the best in the world". In the 1920s and 1940s, Haiyuan Pavilion was repeatedly robbed by soldiers and bandits, with treasures scattered and buildings damaged. Only a small part was transferred to Beijing Library and Shandong Library. 1992 10, Liaocheng raised 2 million yuan to rebuild the original site according to the original structural style and began to officially open to tourists.

10, Bronze Sword House by Qu in Changshu, Jiangsu Province

Qin Tie Tong Jian Lou is one of the four private libraries in Qing Dynasty. It was built in the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty with a building area of 285 square meters. It has a history of more than 200 years. The founder Qu was originally named "Tian Yuzhai", and the owner of the five generations of Qu family was indifferent to fame and fortune. They have enjoyed collecting books and reading books for more than 200 years, which can be simply summarized as "reading, collecting books, engraving books, protecting books and giving books", leaving a rich cultural heritage for future generations. Except for some books that were robbed, most of them were donated to Beijing Library, Shanghai Library and Changshu Library by descendants after the founding of the People's Republic of China.

1 1, No.8,000, Juanlou, Shi Ding, Hangzhou, Zhejiang.

In Qing Dynasty, Ding Guodian of Zhejiang highly praised the 8,000-volume collection of Ding E, the ancestor of Song Dynasty, and named the library he built as "8,000-volume building". Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty was defeated by soldiers in the 11th year (186 1). Ding Bing, the grandson of Ding Guodian, was rebuilt in the 14th year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1888).

8,000-mass buildings include 8,000-mass buildings in Tang Jiahui, followed by 8,000-mass buildings and then 8,000-mass buildings. Tang Jiahui's 8,000-volume building houses books collected and included in Sikuquanshu, while the latter's 8,000-volume building houses books not collected in Sikuquanshu, while the smaller 8,000-volume building houses rare books such as Song and Yuan editions, Ming editions, old banknotes, school-based manuscripts, etc. There are not many Song and Yuan periodicals in the 8,000-volume building, but they are rich in characteristics: ① Collect the revised books of the four libraries. These manuscripts are often stamped with the seal of the Imperial Academy, and some of them have been proofread and revised so that future generations can see the book revision regulations at that time. ② Collect Zhejiang local documents. (3) Collect celebrity manuscripts, celebrity school-based books and paper money. There are not only a large number of books in the 8,000-volume building, but also various versions. In addition to the collection of books, Ding Bing carved more than 200 kinds of books, edited more than 20 kinds of books and wrote more than 10. The collection mainly includes Biography of Wulin, Legacy of Wulin (Before and After), Legacy of Xiling, Medical Series of Danggui Caotang, Danggui Caotang Series and so on. His works mainly include Collection of Books in the Precious Room, Classic Collection of Rites, On Jiu Si's Accommodation in the Classics (lost), Notes on Shuowen Chuanyun Spectrum (lost), Fishing Songs in the Tang Dynasty and so on. During the reign of Xianfeng and Guangxu, Ding Bing and his younger brother Ding Shen collected the lost Sikuquanshu in Wenlange during the war, and supplemented it with annotations, which restored it to its original state.

In the thirty-fourth year of Guangxu (1908), Duan Fang, governor of the two rivers, was invited by the Qing government to establish Jiangnan Library (now Nanjing Library) in Nanjing. This is the second year after the Song Li house collected by Lu Xinyuan was sold to Japan. In order to prevent the outflow of ancient books again, Duanfang bought these 8,000 books into Jiangnan Library. The 8,000-volume architectural catalogue mainly includes Ding Bing's Collection of Rare Books and Ding Ren's 8,000-volume Architectural Bibliography.

Lushi Songlou, Xing Wu, Zhejiang 12

One of Lu Xinyuan's libraries in China in the late Qing Dynasty. Taking the Song Dynasty as the name of the building means that there are as many as 200 kinds of engravings in the Song Dynasty. But it's actually less than this number. Most of Lu's books were easily collected during the Yu and Song Dynasties in Shanghai, and most of them were collected by bookstores. They were collected by four famous people, such as Li Ju, Jun Shuiyue Pavilion, Wuyan Building and Gu Zhikui's small reading pile, which were precious. In the thirty-third year of Guangxu (1907), in June, the library of Lou and Shouxian Pavilion collected150,000 volumes, all of which were sold by Lu Xinyuan's son to the Japanese Iwasaki Jingjiatang Library for100,000 yuan.

13, Guo Yun Lou by Gu in Suzhou, Jiangsu.

Guoyun Building is a famous private library in the south of the Yangtze River, which is known as "the collection of books in the south of the Yangtze River is the best in the world". Guoyun Building is famous for its collection of precious paintings and calligraphy, and enjoys the reputation of "the first in the south of the Yangtze River". It is worth mentioning that there is also a secret room inside the cloud building, and all the books at home are placed in the secret room. Gu's rare books are extremely well preserved and clean as new. Song's paper is white and the words are big and pleasing to the eye, which is an art treasure. Among them, Splendid Flower Valley, published in the 15th year of Xichun in the Southern Song Dynasty, is the largest Song Dynasty book at home and abroad. This Encyclopedia of Song Dynasty pushed the age of existing encyclopedias to the historical limit.

195 1, 1959, Gu's descendants passed through Yunlou and donated more than 300 fine paintings and calligraphy to Shanghai Museum twice. 150 years later, the calligraphy and painting treasures in the collection have a final destination. However, in the following decades, about three-quarters of the rare ancient books in Yunlou's secret collection were transferred to Nanjing Library, and more than 70 kinds of books were kept by the people, which were collected and auctioned by Guardian Company.