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Repost:
Three great migrations took place in three periods:
1, Southern and Northern Dynasties
2. Tang Dynasty, the later period of An Shi Rebellion.
3 Song, Jin confrontation period
Specific:
First, the first great migration in the history of China-Yongjia moved south.
The first great migration in the history of China, from Yongjia period of Jin Huai Emperor to Song Yuanjia period (307-453), experienced four migration climaxes, with a total of 7 million immigrants.
First time: At the beginning of Yongjia, some refugees from Hebei (the provincial names mentioned below are today's names), Shandong, Shanxi, Henan and Huaibei, Jiangsu, Anhui crossed the Huaihe River and went south one after another. In the third year of Taixing in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (320), Jiankang established Huaide County, the first hometown of overseas Chinese, to accommodate refugees. Later, Xu, Yan, You, Ji, Qing, He and Si were successively established in the north and south of the Yangtze River.
The second time: in the early Eastern Jin Dynasty (326 years later), the Yangtze River and Huaihe River were in chaos. Huainan residents and northerners who originally lived in Huainan moved south across the Yangtze River.
The third time: In the last years of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (362-365) and the following 20 years, there were constant wars in the Central Plains, especially in Guanzhong. Today, the population of Shaanxi and Gansu moved south to the Hanshui River Basin, and some of them entered the Sichuan Basin.
The fourth time: During the reign of Emperor Yuan Jia of the Southern Song Dynasty (424-453) and Taishi of Ming Di (465-47 1), the Central Plains, which was once recovered by Song Wudi, fell again, and the states of Huai and Huai were also occupied by the Northern Wei Dynasty, and a large number of people moved to Huainan. As a result, overseas Chinese States and counties such as Si, Yan, Xu and Qing were newly established in Huainan. Miao people's war also forced Guanlong refugees to move south to Hanshui River basin and northern Sichuan.
These migration climaxes lasted for more than 100 years, and the migration routes to the south mainly included the east and west lines:
East Line: The tributaries of Hunan Gully and Huaihe River Basin are mainly from southeast to southeast. Therefore, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, at the southern end of Hunan Gully, and Zhenjiang and Changzhou on the other side of the Yangtze River have become gathering places for immigrants from Shandong and northern Jiangsu, while most people from Henan moved to Anhui in the southeast, instead of going south to Hubei.
West Line: The waterway goes south along the Hanshui River, so Nanzheng (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) and Xiangyang along the Hanshui River have become important immigration distribution centers. Take Jinniu Road (South Plank Road) to Sichuan by land.
According to today's division, Jiangsu Province is the region that receives the most immigrants, with the most concentrated in Nanjing, Zhenjiang and Changzhou, while Yangzhou and Huaiyin are the main places in northern Jiangsu. Zhongshan East accounts for more than half of the immigrants, followed by Hebei, Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi. Huaibei and Anhui are also one of the immigrants.
The second place is Anhui. Its domestic immigrants come from the north, with Henan as the largest part, followed by Hebei, Shandong and Shanxi. Huaibei immigrants in this province also account for a considerable proportion, and a small part comes from northern Jiangsu. Overseas Chinese counties are mostly scattered between Jianghuai and Jiangnan, only near Wuhu today.
Today, the immigrants from the upper reaches of the Yangtze River in Jiangling and Songzi areas in Hubei mainly come from Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan, and a small amount from Huaihe River Basin in Anhui and Jiangsu. Most immigrants from Wuchang and Huangmei in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River come from Henan, and some immigrants come from Huaibei, Anhui. However, the main area where Hubei accepts immigrants is the Hanshui River Basin, from Yunxi and Zhuxi to Yicheng and Zhongxiang, with Xiangyang as the center. The number of immigrants from Shaanxi is the largest, followed by Henan and Gansu, followed by Hebei, Shanxi, Anhui and Sichuan.
Jiangxi and Hunan provinces are far away from the Central Plains, and there are fewer immigrants. Only a few overseas Chinese counties have been established in a small part of the north.
There are also many overseas Chinese townships in the Huaihe River Basin in the south of Henan Province, which mainly resettle refugees in the north of the province, and a few come from Shaanxi, Gansu and neighboring areas in the south of the province.
Almost all the immigrants from Hanzhong, south of Qinling Mountains in Shaanxi Province, came from Gansu, Sichuan and the northern part of the province.
The southeast of the Yellow River in Shandong was once owned by the Southern Song Dynasty, so there are also overseas Chinese counties and counties. The immigrants accepted are mainly from Hebei, and the rest are immigrants from northern Henan and Shanxi.
Second, the second great migration in the history of China-the southward migration of the Han nationality in the Central Plains after the Anshi Rebellion.
Li Bai's "Wang Yongdong's Wandering Song" says: "The three rivers are chaotic in the north, and the four seas are like Yongjia South." After the Anshi Rebellion, the migration of the Han nationality in the Central Plains lasted for a century and a half. Until the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, the main routes of immigrants were east, middle and west. The number of people can't be verified, but the economic and cultural center of China has moved south.
East Road: It enters Huainan and Jiangnan from the North China Plain, and then mainly enters Jiangxi through Jinqu Basin in southern Anhui and western Zhejiang. Divided into two, one south to Lingnan; One crossed Wuyishan and entered Fujian. The East Road, relying on the Grand Canal, which was the lifeline of the national traffic at that time, also used rivers such as Bianhe and Surabaya to form a wide northwest-southeast water transport belt, connecting the North China Plain with Huainan and Jiangnan, and extending southward to Jiangxi and Fujian.
Middle Road: From Guanzhong and the west of North China Plain, it enters the present Nanyang and Xiangyang areas, then goes south, passes through southern Hubei and Hunan, and enters Lingnan. The north of this road connects the first Chang 'an and Luoyang, the eastern capital, respectively. From Luoyang, you can go south along the foot of Funiu Mountain, and the road is relatively flat. After arriving in Nanyang or Xiangyang, you can take a boat down the Hanshui River. From Chang 'an to Jingxiang, take the land first, and go down the river to Xiangyang after the aftermath.
West Road: From Guanzhong to Hanzhong and Sichuan Basin, you need to go through plank roads such as oblique road and meridian road. These roads are rugged and difficult to walk, but because they are close to Chang 'an, once the capital is in crisis, the rulers still have to lead the civil and military officials and ordinary people on a difficult journey.
Third, the third great migration in the history of China-the southward migration after the Jingkang Rebellion.
The third great migration in the history of China lasted for a century and a half, during which there were seven stages of large-scale centralized migration.
The first stage, from the first year of Jingkang to the eleventh year of Shaoxing (1126-114/year). After Jingkang, at this stage, the number of people moving from the north to the south was the largest. In just over ten years, "Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hunan, Fujian and Guangxi are full of people." In the eleventh year of Shaoxing, the Song-Jin Peace Treaty was reached, stipulating that the Southern Song Dynasty was not allowed to accept Jin Dynasty "refugees", and the wave of southward migration began to fade.
The second stage, from the 31st year of Shaoxing to the 2nd year of Longxing (1161-1164). Yan Hongliang, the gold owner, broke the Song-Jin Peace Treaty and invaded the south on a large scale.
The third stage, from the second year of Jubilee to the first year of Jiading (1206- 1208).
The fourth stage is from Jiading 10 to 17 (12 17- 1224).
In the seventh year of Jiading (the second year of Jin Zhenyou), threatened by the Mongolian army, the Jin Dynasty moved its capital from Zhongdu (now Beijing) to Nanjing (now Kaifeng, Henan) and attacked the Song Dynasty in ten years. In the Southern Song Dynasty, it was compared with the military and civilians of the Jin Dynasty. In the seventeenth year of Jiading, Jin made peace with Song, sent officials to Gwangju, and declared that he could not go south.
In the fifth stage, it will be four years from the first year of Duanping (123 1- 1234).
The sixth stage, from the second year of Duanping to the first year of Ding Jing (1235— 1260).
In the seventh stage, De You died in the Song Dynasty (1276— 1279).
The route of southward migration is the same as that of the Han nationality in the Central Plains after the Anshi Rebellion, with a southward migration of about 5 million.
Internal migration in Southern Song Dynasty: (1) Jiangxi Road, Zhejiang Road and Fujian Road moved to Huainan East Road and West Road. (2) Fujian moved to Chaozhou and Meizhou, the western coast of Guangdong, the coast of Hainan Island, the coast of Guangxi, and Penghu and Wenzhou. (3) Jiangxi moved to Hunan in the west, followed by Hubei Dongshan District, Jianghan Plain and Anhui Susong in the north. (4) Hakkas from Tingzhou in southeast Jiangxi and southwest Fujian moved south to Meizhou in eastern Guangdong.