1, China, Yuanmou, Yunnan, the earliest known human being was 1.7 million years ago.
2. Peking man was 700,000-200,000 years ago. In Zhoukoudian, Beijing, you can make and use tools, use natural fire and eat cooked food. This kind of rough stone tool is called paleolithic. Beijingers live in groups (3, 4).
3. Neanderthals lived in caves 6.5438+0.8 million years ago and mastered grinding and drilling techniques. The earliest ancient humans who could make a fire were people who sewed clothes with animal skins. Neanderthals lived a clan life.
The fundamental difference between human and animals lies in whether they can make tools.
4. In the evolution from ape to human, labor played a decisive role.
Beijingers use natural fire, while cavemen know how to make fire by hand, and have mastered polishing and drilling techniques.
7. Hemudu people (about 7000 years ago) lived in the Yangtze River valley, and (Zhejiang) lived in the dry fence house.
8. Banpo people (about 6,000 years ago) lived in the Yellow River valley, and (Xi 'an, Shaanxi) lived in semi-crypt houses with ground stone tools.
8. Hemudu people grow rice and Banpo people grow millet. China is the first country in the world to grow rice and millet.
9. Private property and polarization between the rich and the poor appeared in the late Dawenkou culture.
10, Yan Di and Huangdi tribe formed an alliance to form the future Chinese nation, and Yan Di and Huangdi were honored as the ancestors of the Chinese nation. The formation of the Chinese nation is a dynamic process, from war to integration. (These two wars were first fought against Chiyou by Emperor Yan and Huangdi, and later the war between Emperor Yan and Huangdi was called the Wild of Hanquan.)
1 1, known as the "ancestor of humanity" of the Chinese nation is the Yellow Emperor. Emperor Yan is also called Shennong.
12, Yao Shunyu's "abdication": the democratic election method of tribal alliance leaders.
13, Dayu's way to control water: build dikes to block water and dredge rivers. Dayu became the third tribal alliance leader elected by the Zen Sect because of his meritorious service in water control.
Chapter II Xia, Shang, Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period
14 years, in 2070 BC, Yu established the first country in the history of China-Xia Dynasty (the first slavery dynasty in Chinese history). Yangcheng is its capital. Yuchuan, located in Qi, began the history of "home in the world". The hereditary system of the throne replaced the abdication system.
In BC 15 and BC 1600, the Shang Dynasty was established after the Tang Dynasty destroyed Xia Hou. After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the rule of Shang Dynasty was stable. Bronzes and Oracle Bone Inscriptions, one of the oldest scripts in the world, appeared in Shang Dynasty.
In BC 16 and BC 1046, Zhou Wuwang destroyed the Shang Dynasty after the Battle of Makino, established the Zhou Dynasty, and made Haojing its capital. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, tiles began to appear on buildings.
17, the western Zhou dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, which strengthened the rule over various places. The significance of enfeoffment system: consolidating the rule of the country.
In BC 18 and 77 1 year, the Western Zhou Dynasty perished.
19, Simu Wuding in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware ever discovered in the world, P26, Siyang Fangzun, unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan.
20. The bronze masks, large bronze statues and bronze sacred trees unearthed from Sanxingdui cultural site have attracted the attention of Chinese and foreign people.
2 1. China had a splendid bronze civilization in Xia, Shang and Zhou dynasties.
22. In 770 BC, Zhou Pingwang moved eastward to Luoyang, known as the "Eastern Zhou Dynasty" in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.
23. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period: Qi Huangong, Song Xianggong, Jin Wengong, Qin Mugong and Chu Zhuangwang. (Spring and Autumn Situation Map) p36
On 24th, Qi Huangong put forward the slogan of "respect the king".
25. The battle that decided Jin Wengong to become the overlord of the Central Plains was the battle of Chengpu. (Battle of Jin and Chu)
26. Seven Heroes of the Warring States: Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han. The combination of north and south, * * * and resistance to Qin, is called "union". Qin took advantage of the "contradictions" among the six countries, made friends with them and attacked them, and divided and ruled them one by one, which was called "Lian Heng". (Warring States Situation Map) p38
27. In 260 BC, the State of Qin and the State of Zhao fought in Changping, and Zhao was defeated. Since then, the six eastern countries have been unable to resist Qin Jun's attack.
28. During the Spring and Autumn Period, China began to use iron farm tools and Niu Geng and Niu Geng were a revolution in the history of agricultural development in China.
29. The popularization of iron farm tools and Niu Geng has significantly improved the land utilization rate and crop yield.
During the Warring States Period, Li Bing and his son presided over the construction of Dujiangyan, a famous water conservancy project, making Chengdu Plain a "land of abundance".
3 1, Dujiangyan is composed of "water-separating fish mouth", "flying sand weir" and "treasure bottle mouth".
32. The main content of Shang Yang's political reform: 1, compiling household registration and strengthening criminal law. 2. Reward production. 3. Reward soldiers. 4. Acknowledge that the land is private. 5. Implement the county system. 6. Unified measurement.
33. Significance of Shang Yang's political reform: After the political reform, Qin became rich and powerful, which laid a solid foundation for the annexation of six countries in the future.
34. The words carved on tortoise shells or animal bones in Shang Dynasty are called "Oracle Bone Inscriptions".
35. The written history of our country began in Shang Dynasty.
36. The characters cast on bronzes in Shang and Zhou Dynasties are called "inscriptions" or "inscriptions".
37. Bian Que was a famous doctor during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. He summed up the "four diagnoses" of traditional Chinese medicine.
38. Qu Yuan lived in Chu State at the end of the Warring States Period, and his masterpiece Li Sao.
39. The "complete set of bells" unearthed in Suizhou, Hubei Province. Zeng Houyi chimed the bell.
40. Confucius was born in Lu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. Great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism. In education, he advocates "teaching without distinction" and "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude".
4 1. Laozi, the founder of the Taoist school in the late Spring and Autumn Period, recorded his theory in the Tao Te Ching.
42. From 230 BC to 22 BC1year, Qin destroyed six countries one after another, completed reunification and made Xianyang its capital. Qin established the first unified multi-ethnic centralized state in the history of China.
43. Significance of Qin's unification: Qin's unification ended the long-term separatist war among vassal states since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and pushed the history of China to a brand-new stage.
44. On the border of Yuyang, Chen Sheng and Guangwu launched an uprising in osawa Township and established the Zhang Chu regime, which was the first peasant uprising (or peasant war) in the history of our country.
45. Since reunification, the State of Qin has established an administrative system throughout the country, with three posts in the central government: Premier (to help the emperor handle government affairs), Qiu (to manage military affairs) and Imperial Advisor (to supervise officials). The county system is implemented in the local area (the county magistrate is called the county magistrate or satrap, and the county magistrate is called the county magistrate. )
46. The construction of Lingqu connects the Yangtze River and the Pearl River.
46. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the national characters were unified, and the unified characters were called Xiao Zhuan.
47. After the reunification of the Qin Dynasty, the national coins were unified, and the unified coins were called round square hole coins.
48. The Great Wall starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaodong in the east. Function: Military defense. (At that time, it was mainly to resist the Huns)
In order to strengthen ideological control, Qin Shihuang accepted Li Si's suggestion of "burning books to bury Confucianism".
50. In the early Han Dynasty, the rulers learned the lessons from the Qin Dynasty's death, implemented a policy of rest and recuperation, reduced the burden of corvee, military service and taxes on farmers, and attached importance to the development of agricultural production.
In 5 1 and 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.
52. Accept Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and regard Confucianism as feudal orthodoxy. Emperor Wu accepted Zhu's suggestion and ordered to weaken the power of the vassal state. The measure taken is to carry out the "push order".
53. During the Western Han Dynasty, the official who supervised the illegal activities of officials in Beijing and members of the royal family was an official captain. Set up local secretariat to supervise local officials. A series of measures taken by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty enabled the Western Han Dynasty to achieve the unification of politics, ideology, economy and military affairs and entered its heyday. )
54. Qin Shihuang ordered Meng Tian, the general, to fight back against the Huns and seize the Hetao area.
55. Uhaanyehe, the leader of Xiongnu, surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and Wang Zhaojun left the fortress and married Uhaanyehe, the emperor of the Han Dynasty.
56. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions. In 60 BC, the Western Han Dynasty established the capital of the Western Regions, and Xinjiang began to be under the jurisdiction of the central government. It can be proved that Xinjiang has been an inseparable part of our territory since ancient times.
57. Significance of Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions: Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions opened the way to the Western Regions and strengthened the ties between the Han Dynasty and other countries in the Western Regions.
58. Silk Road: China's silk and silk products started from Chang 'an, passed through Hexi Corridor and now Xinjiang, and were transported to West Asia, and then to Europe, and imported the treasures of western countries into China. Significance: Become a bridge for economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West.
59. The use of paper as a writing material in China began in the Western Han Dynasty, and Cai Lun improved papermaking in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
60. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing, a "medical sage", wrote Treatise on Febrile Diseases. The main content of the book is the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the principle of pathogenesis (the first aid method of artificial respiration was first seen in this book). Hua Tuo, an imperial doctor, created Ma Feisan, an anesthetic.
6 1 Nine Chapters of Arithmetic, written in the Eastern Han Dynasty, is the earliest mathematical monograph in China. It established a mathematical system centered on calculation in ancient China.
62. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Buddhism was introduced into the Central Plains of China. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taoism rose in China.
63. Sima Qian lived in the era of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and wrote Historical Records, which is the first biographical general history of China. It describes the main historical events from the legendary Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty for about 3000 years.
64. Significance of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum: The majestic Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Qin Mausoleum reflect the super-high quality of sculpture art in the Qin Dynasty and vividly show the pioneering spirit.
65. Warring States Period: The representative of a military strategist is Sun Wu, who wrote Sun Tzu's Art of War and the military motto "Know yourself and know yourself, and fight every battle".
Summary of knowledge points in the first volume of the first grade history II. Northern minorities migrate inward.
1, the western Jin dynasty unified the north and the south, and the three pillars ended.
(1) In 263 AD, Wei destroyed Shu.
(2) Establishment of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 265 AD, Sima Yan, the son of Si Mazhao, abandoned himself as emperor, with the title of Jin and its capital in Luoyang, which was called the Western Jin Dynasty in history. Sima Yan is the Emperor of Jin Dynasty.
(3) The Western Jin Dynasty unified the north and south: In 280 AD, the Western Jin Dynasty attacked Wu, Wu surrendered, and the Western Jin Dynasty unified the north and south.
(4) The demise of the Western Jin Dynasty: In 3 16 AD, Xiongnu soldiers invaded Chang 'an and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
(5) Reasons for the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty: The government of the Western Jin Dynasty kept imposing heavy taxes on all ethnic groups who moved in, forcing them to become soldiers, corvees, and even plundering and selling them as handmaiden. This aroused the resistance of the various nationalities who moved in.
2. Northern minorities move in.
(1) Time: During the Western Jin Dynasty, a large number of northern minorities moved in.
(2) Ethnic groups that moved inward: mainly Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jiejie, Di and Qiang.
(3) The significance (influence) of the inward migration: the inward migration of northern minorities is conducive to national integration and has had an important impact in history.
3. Sixteen countries in the Eastern Jin Dynasty
(1) Establishment of the Eastern Jin Dynasty: In 3 17, Si Marui, the royal family of the Western Jin Dynasty, established political power, and Jiankang (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) was the capital, which was called the Eastern Jin Dynasty in history.
(2) Formation of Sixteen States: During the 130 years since the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, rulers of all ethnic groups successively established political power in the Yellow River Basin. In history, the 15 regime in the north, together with Cheng Han in the southwest, is called sixteen countries. In the mid-Sixteen States, the former Qin Dynasty, established by the Di nobles, unified the north.
4, at the battle of water:
(1) Process: In 383 AD, Fu Jian, the former emperor of the Qin Dynasty, went south to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty and fought a decisive battle at Feishui. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, few prevailed over many, while the former Qin Dynasty failed.
(2) Reasons for the failure of the former Qin Dynasty:
First, although the former Qin dynasty unified the Yellow River basin, its foundation was unstable;
Second, Fu Jian was arrogant, bent on his own way and panicked in wartime;
Third, the Eastern Jin Dynasty was unified with careful planning and proper tactics.
(3) Impact: The former Qin Dynasty disintegrated, and the north fell into division again, leading to a long-term confrontation between the north and the south.
(4) What related idioms are there in the Battle of Feishui?
"Every grass and tree is a soldier", "the wind is rustling" and "the whip is cut off" all stem from the battle of Feishui. These idioms reflect the mentality of Fu Jian, the former Qin emperor, from arrogance to cold feet in the battle of Feishui, which is an important reason for the failure of the former Qin Dynasty.