/kloc-Around the 0/4th century, the industry and commerce, workshops and handicrafts in Mediterranean cities developed, and the capitalist economy sprouted.

3.15-16th century, the opening of new sea lanes made the world a whole, the world market centered on Europe began to form, the industrial and commercial economy along the Atlantic coast began to prosper, the feudal economy began to decline, and capitalism developed.

3.17-1in the second half of the eighth century, the development of capitalist economy was hindered by feudal system and colonial rule, so the bourgeois revolution and the war of independence broke out in Britain, France and the United States and the bourgeois regime was established. The establishment of a new social system is conducive to the further development of capitalist economy.

Workshop handicraft industry is the main mode of industrial production in this period.

Second, age of steam.

The establishment of capitalist system is beneficial to the development of capitalist economy, but the main form of capitalist industrial production is workshop handicraft, which is difficult to meet the needs of the vast market. The capitalist system has been established, and Britain, which has a vast colonial market, took the lead in starting a revolution-the industrial revolution, in which large machine production replaced handicraft workshops. The industrial revolution began with the invention and use of machines, and ended with the production of large machines becoming the main mode of industrial production. Large-scale machine production replaced manual labor, and human entered age of steam. The rapid development of capitalist economy has laid a solid material foundation for the development of capitalism.

With the progress of the industrial revolution, Europe, America and Japan began a new round of bourgeois revolution or reform, the capitalist economy defeated the feudal economy, and capitalism developed into the mainstream.

Third, the electrical age.

Pre-period: 65438+1970s to early 20th century.

From the last 30 years of19th century to the beginning of 20th century, the progress of science and technology and the upsurge of industrial production are called the second industrial revolution in modern history. The world has entered the "electrical age" from "age of steam". During this period, the total industrial output value of some developed countries exceeded the total agricultural output value; The focus of industry has shifted from light textile industry to heavy industry, and emerging industries such as electricity, chemistry and petroleum have risen. Characterized by the wide application of electricity, mankind has entered the electrical age, and capitalism has developed by leaps and bounds.

Driven by the second industrial revolution, monopoly organizations appeared in capitalist countries, and capitalism began to transition to imperialism. 19 At the end of the 20th century, major capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism one after another.

The unbalanced development of capitalist economy intensified, virtue came from behind, Britain and France were relatively backward and developed slowly, Japan began to rise and Russia developed.

Later period: during the two world wars.

During World War I, Britain was destroyed by the war, its economy declined, and it began to lose its world economic hegemony, so the world economic center moved to new york. The United States made a windfall in the war and greatly increased its strength. The balance of international economic power has changed.

After the war, especially from 1924 to 1929, the capitalist world was relatively stable and experienced temporary prosperity.

From 1929 to 1933, an unprecedented economic crisis broke out in the capitalist world, and capitalist countries took different ways to get rid of it. Countries with democratic traditions, such as Britain, France and the United States, have adopted state intervention to get rid of the crisis, and the Roosevelt New Deal in the United States is the most typical example. Japan and Germany, characterized by absolutism, embarked on the fascist road of foreign aggression and expansion, while Italy strengthened fascist dictatorship.

Fourth, the electronic information age.

Time: From World War II to 1990s.

America: After World War II, it became the most prosperous country in the world, using high-tech achievements to achieve sustainable economic development.

Japan and Western Europe: With the support of the United States, relying on good scientific and technological strength and using the latest achievements of the scientific and technological revolution, the economy has rapidly resumed development, and its rise has impacted the hegemonic position of American capitalism in the world. The development of Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany is particularly prominent. In 1960s, European countries established the European Economic Union to strengthen economic cooperation.

In short, at this stage, the economy of capitalist countries developed at a high speed, but due to the worldwide economic crisis of 1974- 1975, the development speed of capitalist economy once slowed down.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) new economic era

In the 1990s, great changes have taken place in the world economic situation, and a series of new phenomena have emerged, namely, the networking and digitization of the world economy and the in-depth development of economic globalization promoted by it. Its main characteristics are informatization and globalization.