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20 10 History and Society Review Outline
Starting from this lesson, we will enter the general review stage. According to the progress of each class, we will review the contents of "a brief history of social development" in grade three, "legal common sense" in grade two and current affairs and politics.

First, the teaching content of this lecture

Lesson 1 Primitive society is the primary stage of the development of human society.

Lesson 2 Slave society is the first class society.

Second, the knowledge structure

(A) the primitive society is the initial stage of human social development Darwin's contribution.

The Origin of Man and Engels' Contribution

The meaning and main characteristics of productive labor

In productive labor, plastic tools are unique activities of human beings. The essential difference between human society and animals is the essential difference between human society and animal world. On the basis of productive labor, the significance of human society is formed. Stone tools are the main production tools.

Understanding and use of fire by extremely low productivity in primitive society

The emergence and development of animal husbandry and planting with extremely low productivity level

The meaning of productive forces, the elements of productive forces, the characteristics of production relations in primitive society, and the reasons for the production relations without exploitation.

The meaning and content of production relations

The basic unit of primitive society

Clan system without oppression

The characteristics of a clan system with social equality without exploitation and oppression

There is no spiritual and cultural restriction of private concept.

Primitive society is not an ideal golden age.

The emergence of metal tools and handicrafts

Individual labor replaces * * * labor with labor.

The disintegration of primitive society and the emergence of private ownership

The emergence and establishment of private ownership

The disintegration of the clan system

(2) Slave society is the first class society.

The source of slaves

The opposition between slave owners and slaves, slave owners and slaves

The inevitability of class generation

The first social division, the establishment of a slave country, the establishment of a slave society.

On the basis of class opposition, the essence of the state and the essence of the slave state came into being.

The reasons for the rise of this country

Reasons for the further development of productive forces

The further development of productive forces

Signs and main manifestations of productivity development

Human society has entered the civilized era, the appearance of characters and human beings have entered the civilized era.

The reason for this division of labor

The division of labor and opposition between mental labor and manual labor have produced the significance of this division of labor.

The opposition between two kinds of labor

The basis of slavery exploitation

The cruelest exploitation system, naked exploitation relationship

Characteristics of slavery relations of production

Suppress slave resistance with violence

The cruelest system of exploitation and oppression, the cruelest system of oppression, the sacrifice of human beings or the spiritual unity of taking pleasure in destroying the lives of slaves.

In the later period of slave society, slave production relations became the shackles of productivity development.

Third, the learning content and ability requirements

Lesson 1 Primitive society is the primary stage of the development of human society.

(A) human society is formed in productive labor.

1, the origin of mankind

Memories: I learned that Darwin, a famous British biologist, studied and demonstrated the scientific conclusions drawn by the ancestors of apes. The conclusion is that human beings evolved from ancient apes.

Understanding: correctly understand the role of labor in the transformation from apes to humans. Engels scientifically expounded for the first time that the transition from ape to man is an extremely complicated and slow process, in which labor plays an extremely important role. Walking upright, the formation of hands, the manufacture of tools, the production of language and the formation of human brain are all the results of long-term labor.

2. Making tools is a unique activity of human beings.

Remember: understand that real human labor is productive labor. Being able to manufacture and use labor tools and carry out purposeful and planned labor is called productive labor. Its main feature is making tools.

Understanding: Correctly understand the essential differences between humans and animals. The main difference is that animals can only rely on their own organs and instinctively obtain ready-made things from nature to survive, while people can make tools and engage in productive labor.

3. Productive labor is the basis of various relationships between people.

Memory: Understanding the meaning of human society. That is, human society is the sum total of people based on productive labor and combined according to various relations.

Understanding: correctly understand the essential difference between human society and animal world. Its essential difference is productive labor. Because people can make tools for productive labor, actively transform nature and create new living conditions, while the instinctive activities of animals only passively adapt to and use nature. At the same time, various relations have been formed on the basis of productive labor.

Memory: Understanding the meaning of human society. That is, human society is a collective of people based on productive labor and combined according to various relations.

The level of productivity is extremely low

1, Long Stone Age

Memorization: the main tool to understand primitive society. Stone tools are the earliest tools made by human beings and the main tools of primitive society.

Understanding: Understanding the role of fire in the development of human history. This has had a great effect and far-reaching influence on the production and life of primitive human beings. The use of fire is the first natural force used and mastered by human beings and a milestone in the history of human social development.

2. The emergence and development of animal husbandry and planting.

Memory: Understand the period and reason of primitive animal husbandry and primitive agriculture. Primitive animal husbandry and agriculture appeared in the Neolithic Age. This is because primitive people gradually learned to domesticate and breed young animals and cultivate crops during long-term collection, fishing and hunting activities, thus producing primitive animal husbandry and agriculture.

Understanding: correctly understand the significance of the emergence and development of animal husbandry and planting. Its emergence and development have had a far-reaching impact on the history of human production, which can be understood from the aspects of getting rid of the restrictions of natural conditions, providing reliable sources of food and clothing, and creating necessary preconditions for human settlement and life.

3. About productivity

Understanding: correctly understand the concept of productive forces, the elements involved and the relationship between them. Productivity refers to man's ability to transform nature. It includes laborers, production tools and labor objects. Among them, workers are human factors in productivity and play a leading role in production; Tools of production and objects of labor are collectively referred to as means of production, which are material factors in productivity. Production tools are an important symbol of the development level of productive forces; The object of labor also reflects the ability of human beings to transform nature to a certain extent.

(3) A society without exploitation and oppression.

1, there is no exploitative production relationship.

Memory: Understand the characteristics of production relations in primitive society. That is, the means of production are collectively owned, and people form an original relationship of equality, mutual assistance and cooperation in the same productive labor, and distribute consumer goods equally.

Understanding: correctly understand the concept, content and relationship of production relations. Production is the relationship between people formed in the process of production. The specific contents of production relations include: who owns the means of production; What is man's position and relationship in social production? How to distribute products (consumer goods). These three aspects are an inseparable whole, which are interrelated and influence each other. Among them, who owns the means of production is the basis, which determines the other two aspects of production relations.

Understanding: The correct understanding of the relations of production in primitive society was determined by the productivity level at that time. Under the condition of extremely low productivity in primitive society, people had to work together and live together, thus resulting in the production relationship based on public ownership of means of production in primitive society.

2. Clan system without oppression

Memory: Understand the concept of clan, the division of two stages and the reasons for its development from matriarchal clan to paternal clan. Clan, also known as clan commune, is a group formed according to blood relationship and the basic unit of primitive society. In the process of development, the clan experienced two different stages from matriarchal clan to paternal clan. The reason is mainly determined by the development of social productive forces and the gradual replacement of women by men in production in the late primitive society.

Memory: Understand the composition of tribes and tribal alliances. After the appearance of clans, several intermarried clans formed tribes. Some tribes unite to form a tribal alliance for the same interests.

Understanding: A correct understanding of the clan system is an equal system. The clan committee is established in the clan commune. It is a social organization in which everyone handles public affairs equally. This is a democratic gathering, and all adult men and women in the tribe enjoy equal voting rights. People manage collective affairs through tribal meetings. The principle of handling major affairs is democratic decision-making. All important affairs of the clan are discussed and decided by the clan Committee. Tribal leaders are elected. Tribal leaders and military leaders must be elected by tribal committees. They are public servants who have no privilege to serve everyone. The proof of exercising power depends on traditional customs and the prestige of leaders. The scope of management is limited to this clan or this tribe or this tribe alliance.

3. Spiritual culture without private thoughts

Memory: Understand the formation, function and limitations of primitive people's simple moral concepts. In the long-term labor and life, primitive people gradually developed collectivist customs and habits such as caring for their clan and tribal members and obeying collective decisions. This concept has played a positive role in adjusting and consolidating clan organizations, which proves that the concept of private ownership did not always exist. But the collectivism of primitive people is generally limited to clans and tribes. It has great limitations and narrowness.

Memory: Understand the art and function of primitive people. Primitive people created primitive music, dance, painting, sculpture and other arts in their production and life, which is the beginning of human artistic creation.

(D) the disintegration of primitive society

1, the emergence of metal tools and handicrafts

Memory: Know how to make metal tools. In the unremitting efforts to improve stone tools, primitive people finally found a natural metal that can not only smooth sharp edges, but also cast different shapes. Metal tools are produced by cold forging.

Understanding: correctly understand the significance of the appearance of metal tools. Its appearance is an outstanding manifestation of the development of productive forces at the end of primitive society, which not only pioneered the use of metal tools by human beings, greatly improved the productive forces, promoted the development of agriculture and animal husbandry, but also promoted the development of handicrafts. Therefore, the appearance of metal products and handicrafts, including metal tools, marks the development of social production to a new level. It will have a far-reaching impact on the transformation of production relations.

2. The emergence of private ownership

Remember: understand when and why private ownership came into being. Private ownership appeared at the end of primitive society. The fundamental reason is the development of productive forces in the late primitive society.

Understanding: correctly understand the process of private ownership and its establishment. The emergence of private ownership has gone through a long historical process. In the late primitive society, with the development of productive forces and the expansion of social division of labor, people learned to make metal tools, improved productivity, and appeared surplus products, making individual labor a trend of production development in the late primitive society. Under this historical condition, individual labor represents higher productivity, and * * * labor is gradually replaced by individual labor. Individual labor leads to private ownership of the means of production. Finally, when the land begins to be privately owned, it marks the establishment of private ownership.

3. The disintegration of the clan system

Memories: Understand the emergence and development of commodity exchange and its role in the disintegration of clan system. At the end of primitive society, due to the remarkable development of exchange, commodity production for the purpose of exchange appeared. The development of commodity exchange also played a major role in the disintegration of the clan system. Because it promotes the development of private ownership, further intensifies the polarization between the rich and the poor, thus destroying the equal relationship between clan members.

Lesson 2 Slave society is the first class society.

(A) the first social division

1, the opposition between slave owners and slaves

Memories: Understand the origin of primitive slave owners and slaves. The development of productive forces and the appearance of surplus products make exploitation possible. Clan nobles used the most brutal and cruel means to force others (first of all, prisoners of war) to work for them and occupy the fruits of their labor. In this way, prisoners of war are one of the earliest and most important sources of slaves; Later, the clan members who were unable to pay their debts became another important source of slaves, and these clan nobles became the original slave owners.

Remember: understand that with the emergence of slave owners and slaves, society is divided into two opposing classes for the first time: slave owners and slave classes. The slave owner class is a group in the position of exploiters, and the slave class is a group in the position of exploiters. The contradiction between these two classes is the main contradiction in slave society.

Understanding: correctly understand the emergence of class. This requires a clear understanding of the causes, foundations, conditions, class formation and origin of primitive slave owners and slaves. We should grasp two conditions for the emergence of class: first, with the improvement of productivity, people's labor products have surplus besides maintaining their own lives, which makes it possible for people to exploit others; Second, the development of private ownership has caused polarization between the rich and the poor, and some people have a large number of means of production, making it an objective need for people to exploit others. The key is to master the definition of class. Form an idea that the development of productive forces is the root cause of private ownership and class.

Understanding: correctly understand the concept of class, that is, class is each group in different positions in a certain production relationship. This concept has three meanings: first, class is a historical category, which not only arises with the development of production to a certain historical stage, but also disappears with the development of production to a certain historical stage, and is the product of economic relations in a certain era at any time. Second, class is produced on the basis of economy. The specific position of various social groups in the economic structure is an objective standard for us to divide classes. Third, the basic symbol of class division is the relationship between each group and the means of production.

2. Produce a country on the basis of class opposition.

Understanding: correctly understand the causes of the emergence of the country and the essence of the country. The state did not always exist, and there was no state in primitive society. The state reappears only when the production develops to a certain stage, which inevitably produces classes and is the product of irreconcilable class contradictions. The establishment of the state machine by the slave owners is the symbol of the formation of slave society. In class society, the state is the tool of class rule. This is the essence of the country. Slave country is a tool for slave owners to rule the slave class.

Memorization: the basic clue to understand the formation process of a country. The emergence of class and country is the inevitable result of the development of productive forces. Therefore, the basic clue to the formation of a country is: the development of productive forces, the surplus of products, the emergence of private ownership, and exploitation are not only possible, but also realistic. Then, when class struggles and class contradictions are irreconcilable, a country comes into being. Slave society was thus formally formed.

(2) Human society has entered a civilized era.

1, the further development of productive forces

Memory: Understand the reasons why slavery relations of production promote the further development of productive forces. There are three main reasons: first, prisoners of war are no longer killed and slaves, saving a lot of labor. Second, slave owners have a large number of means of production and slaves, so it is possible to organize large-scale production and improve production efficiency. Third, slaves used simple division of labor and cooperation in large-scale production labor (the division of labor is getting finer and finer), which improved the labor skills and proficiency of workers and improved production efficiency.

Memories: Understanding the further development of productive forces in slave society. It is mainly manifested in four aspects: First, metal tools are widely used in production, which is the main symbol of the development of productive forces in slave society. Second, the use of metal tools has developed agriculture and animal husbandry. Third, the handicraft industry has developed remarkably. Fourth, the development of commerce and the prosperity of cities.

Application: Using relevant historical facts, it is a historical progress for slave society to replace primitive society. Talk about my own views. Firstly, this paper points out that the main criterion for judging whether one social system replaces another is progress or retrogression, not whether there is exploitation, but whether this new production relationship is compatible with the development of productive forces at that time. Then, it points out that the establishment of slavery production relations adapted to the requirements of the development of productive forces at that time and promoted the development of productive forces and its reasons. At the same time, it is expounded that the slave society has a greater development than the productive forces of the primitive society. It is not difficult to draw a correct conclusion that the replacement of primitive society by slave society is not a retrogression of history, but a progress of history.

2. The emergence of words

Remembering: Understand the historical process of the appearance of characters. Before the slave society, there were no words, and people often used the method of tying ropes to record physical objects. What is more progressive than tying a rope is picture writing. But this is not real writing. Real writing began with hieroglyphics, which only appeared in slave society. Most ancient civilizations in the world have created their own hieroglyphs.

Memory: Understand the meaning of words. It should be pointed out that the emergence of characters has enabled human production experience and understanding of nature to be passed on, accumulated and spread, and prepared the necessary conditions for the development of science and culture. Therefore, the appearance of characters is an important symbol of human society entering the civilized era. Thus, slave society is the beginning of human civilization.

3. Division of labor and the opposition between mental and physical labor.

Memory: Understand the inevitability, foundation and function of the division of labor between mental and physical labor. After mankind entered the slave society, on the basis of the development of production, because slaves engaged in heavy manual labor, they could provide more surplus products, which made some people in society get rid of manual labor and specialize in mental labor. So there is a division of labor between mental work and manual work. This division of labor was not only the objective requirement of the development of productive forces at that time, but also created the necessary conditions for the development of science, culture and art. Of course, it should be noted that this achievement of mental workers was ultimately based on the labor of the majority of manual workers.

Remember: understanding the scientific culture of slave society and any achievements of mental workers are ultimately based on the labor of manual workers (slaves).

Memory: Understand the reason and essence of the opposition between mental and physical labor. In slave society, slaves were deprived of the right to enjoy scientific and cultural education, and engaged in mental work became the privilege of the slave owner class. Slave owners broke away from manual labor and regarded manual labor as something done by "humble people". They also used their scientific and cultural knowledge to strengthen their ideological rule over slaves. In this way, the opposition between mental labor and manual labor is formed. The essence of this opposition embodies the class opposition between the exploiting class and the exploited class.

(3) the most barbaric exploitation system

1, understand: correctly understand the cruelty of slave owners exploiting slaves. This problem first points out that in the forced labor of slave owners, slaves should complete the maximum free labor. At the same time, they must be closely supervised and tortured by slave owners. They work all the year round, have no food and clothing, live a life inferior to that of cattle and horses, are often tortured and disabled, die young and are treated as inhuman. Then it points out that the root of all this lies in the slave production relationship, and then analyzes and explains the three main characteristics of the slave production relationship and their mutual relations. Slave owners not only possess all the means of production, but also completely possess slaves, which is the basis of slavery production relations and the remarkable characteristics that determine the other two aspects of slavery production relations. Slavery is an extremely cruel and barbaric exploitation system.

2, the most cruel oppression system (understanding)

3. Unbearable slavery

Understanding: correctly understand the reasons and manifestations of the transformation of slavery production relations from promoting the development of productive forces to the further development of disaster-bound productive forces. This problem is actually an understanding of the inherent limitations of slave production relations, that is, the reason, process and performance of deliberately not using advanced production tools in slave labor. To this end, first, we should point out the reasons and manifestations of "using advanced production tools"; Secondly, it should be emphasized that "deliberately not using" is its main feature; Thirdly, it is obvious that this restriction is "inherent", that is, it has never existed and cannot be overcome. But in the late and middle period of slave society, it has not become the dominant factor of production relations. Only under the historical conditions of the late slave society did the slave production relations become the shackles of the development of productive forces. Therefore, the process in which the limitations of slavery production relations are clearly exposed is the process in which slavery production relations change from promoting the development of productive forces to hindering the development of productive forces.

Fourth, the guidance of learning methods.

1. Analyze the process of emergence, development and extinction of every social phenomenon from a comprehensive dialectical point of view. For example, (1) we should not only see that the primitive society is a society based on public ownership, without exploitation and oppression; We should also realize that it is the lowest stage of the development of human society based on extremely low productivity, so it is not an ideal golden age. (2) We should not only see that a production relationship will adapt to and promote the development of productive forces for a long time after it is established; We should also see that with the continuous development of productive forces, at the end of this society, the old relations of production will inevitably become obstacles to the development of productive forces, thus being replaced by new relations of production.

2. Learn to use productivity standards to measure the progress of the social system.

Although slavery is a cruel exploitation and oppression society based on private ownership, it is a great progress in history because it can adapt to and promote the development of productive forces after its establishment. It can be seen that the standard to measure the progress of social system is the standard of productivity, not whether there is exploitation in this society.

3. Grasping the main line of the development of productive forces, we can see that the emergence, development and even extinction of any social phenomenon are closely related to the development of productive forces. The development of productive forces is the fundamental reason for the emergence of private ownership, class and country; The emergence of characters, the division of labor between brain and body, and the development of science and culture are all based on the development of productive forces.

4, using the basic concept of production relations, to perspective and analyze the characteristics of each kind of production relations. We can clearly realize that every production relationship includes three specific aspects, and we can deeply understand the basis of each production relationship or decide what the other two aspects are.