People's fundamental and general views on social history are part of the world outlook.

World outlook and historical outlook are mutually influenced and restricted.

The basic problem of historical view is the relationship between social existence and social consciousness, and it is the extension of the basic problem of philosophy in the field of social history.

Because of the different answers to the basic questions of historical view, two fundamentally opposite historical views have been formed: historical materialism and historical idealism.

Class historical view (revolutionary historical view)

Also known as the historical view of class struggle, it studies history from the perspective of class, and studies the influence of different ruling classes and the development of each class in each historical class on its historical period; Mainly, in order to adapt to their own development, each class has revolutionized the original ruling class and created a new historical period;

View of civilization history

The view of civilization history holds that the history of human society is the evolutionary history of human civilization.

The basic characteristics of the concept of civilization history are: based on the development of productive forces, human history is divided into agricultural civilization era and industrial civilization era; Pay attention to the achievements of civilization that still have great influence, trace back the history from reality, explain how human history is passed down from history to reality, and pay attention to the combination of history and reality; Taking the type of civilization as the basic unit of research, we realize the diversity of civilization.

historical materialism

Productivity determines production relations, and the comprehensive economic basis of production relations determines superstructure; The relations of production have a great reaction to the productive forces, and the superstructure has a great reaction to the economic base.

When the superstructure and its production relations bind the development of productive forces and become the shackles of the development of productive forces, then the social revolution comes. With the change of economic base, all huge superstructures will change slowly or quickly.

In class society, the basic contradiction of human society is class contradiction.

Global view of history (holistic view of history)

The basic feature of the global view of history is to study the whole human history as a whole.

Its research objects include not only Europe, but also Asia, Africa and Latin America.

Stavri and Anoos described the view of global history in their masterpiece A General History of the World as follows: it studies the history of the whole world, not the history of a certain country or region; Focus on all mankind, not just Europeans or non-Europeans.

In addition, global history is not equal to the simple addition of national history or regional history, but focuses on revealing the interrelationship and influence of different regions and national history.

This requires us to focus on how the world moved from isolation to integration when studying world history; Focus on the development of new routes, colonial expansion, industrial revolution, world market, capitalist world system, globalization and other issues.

At the same time, when studying the history of China, we should put it under the background and vision of the whole world history.

(near) modern historical view

The transformation process of human society from agricultural society to industrial society is (near) modernization.

The modern historical view focuses on this development and evolution process.

The basic characteristics of modern historical view are: the process of transforming from agricultural society to industrial society includes economic industrialization and urbanization, political democratization and legalization, cultural rationalization, popularization and popularization of science, equality and secularization of social life; The types of (near) modernization can be divided into primary type and conduction type, namely capitalism and socialism.

Britain, France and the United States are original and capitalist (near) modernization, Japan is conductive and capitalist (near) modernization, and China is conductive and socialist (near) modernization;

heroic conception of history

Emphasize the prominent and indispensable role of individual heroes in history, but often make idealistic mistakes (in textbooks) and unilaterally emphasize the absolute role of individuals in history;

Orthodox view of history

This view of history is mainly in the historical period of absolute monarchy. In order to maintain his rule, the monarch advocates "orthodoxy", that is, legitimacy and certainty as a monarch.

It is mainly manifested in the deification of monarchs (such as being farsighted at birth or crowned by the Pope) or wise men (that is, descendants of early wise kings and famous ministers), and the "five-element replacement theory";

Social calendar

That is, to study the development of history from different social conditions and social changes in different historical periods, mainly showing the influence and omen of social changes on history.

Compared with other historical views, this historical view pays more attention to the social life of the bottom people and focuses on the study of social customs.

Personal historical view

That is, after being familiar with history, a person will have new experiences and new inspirations to guide his actions.

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