First, the origin and spread of tobacco culture. Tobacco is a late-maturing crop. Before Columbus discovered the New World, no nation in the world knew what smoking was like except American Indians. Nowadays, smoking is prevalent in every corner of the earth, and tobacco is closely related to our lives. 149210 June 12, Columbus led an expedition to land on the island of San Salvador, and Europeans jumped to America for the first time, opening a new chapter in history. In Columbus's early nautical diaries, tobacco was only briefly mentioned, but it was later mentioned unusually in the reports of other explorers. These reports said that they saw "many men and women holding' burning coal' in their hands in order to get some fragrance for themselves". Later, it was discovered that this burning "charcoal" was rolled tobacco leaves. People light one end of this tobacco leaf, inhale it through their mouths at the other end, and then exhale the smoke through their mouths or noses. Native Americans have a long history of smoking. According to archaeological analysis, American residents had the habit of smoking 3500 years ago. The Mayans once flourished, and the ancient cultural relics there left many mysteries for historians. In Chiapas, southern Mexico, there are still stone reliefs of Mayan priests wearing dresses and smoking pipes, which are recognized as the oldest smoking pictures in the world. According to legend, smoking is related to religion. Tobacco has an intoxicating aroma, which can relieve fatigue, refresh the mind and even cure diseases. People think that tobacco is a kind of "divine grass" with the help of "God". At that time, smoking was carried out by priests as a religious ceremony. With the opening of the waterway to America, the communication between Europe and America has become increasingly frequent, and tobacco leaves and tobacco seeds have been brought to Europe and spread to other places. Later, it was found that tobacco has anesthetic effect and other medicinal functions, and its spread is increasingly widespread. There is a Frenchman named Nicholas who lives in Lisbon, Portugal (ambassador to Portugal) and is very interested in American plants. Some plants are very different from those in Europe. He once heard people say that tobacco can relieve fatigue, relieve pain and treat diseases, especially headaches. About 1560, Nigut got tobacco seeds from other people's gifts and planted them carefully in his garden. Sure enough, tobacco grows luxuriantly, and it feels good to try smoking after harvesting its leaves. In memory of nicotine, people call it nicotine. Because all countries in the world are directly or indirectly from America, their names are transliterated, such as "Tabak" in German, "tobacco" in English and "tabac" in French. Two. The introduction of tobacco into China and the development of tobacco industry in China There are generally three ways for tobacco to be introduced into China. First, since Luzon (now the Philippines) entered Taiwan Province Province and Fujian Province. The following is a record of tobacco: Fang Yizhi's Physical Knowledge (late Ming Dynasty): Tampa tobacco was brought to Zhang Quan (now Zhangzhou and Quanzhou, Fujian Province) at the end of Wanli, and was called "light meat fruit" by Ma Shi. Complete Works of Zhang Jiebin and Jingyue (Late Ming Dynasty): This thing (tobacco) has never been heard before. It began in Min and Guang in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, and was planted in Wu and Chu. Official Records of Taiwan Province Province (Qing Dynasty): Cang Ba, which is planted in winter and harvested in spring, can be intoxicating when dried and cut into sections and smoked. It originated in the Bay Area and was brought back by Zhang Ren in the second season. Now it is called tobacco and has reached all over the world. A Qing Luyao's Smoke Spectrum is one of the early influential tobacco works. The book says: Tobacco is everywhere. It first came from Shandong, named Danba, and was introduced to China the following year. Second, from Japan into Korea, into Liaodong. Japanese tobacco was brought by the Portuguese at the end of 16. 16 15 the Japanese government issued a smoking ban. Ryukyu cigarettes also originated in Japan. According to Xu Baoguang's biography of Zhongshan, Kangxi paid tribute to Ryukyu for ten years, adding cigarettes to the regular tribute and adding silk cigarettes for thirteen years. 171920s, there were many smokers in North Korea, who were given by the government to Jianzhou officials or imported by businessmen to Shenyang and other places. Liu's pastoral magazine said: "The legend of foreigners (tobacco) originated in North Korea." In Fen, there is a cloud chanting Han Yan: "Baiyue hillock is thick, Qinghe River is clean, and there are sentient branches and leaves for no reason (press: Baiyue, that is, Changbai Mountain; Qingjiang (Yalu River). Third, from Nanyang to Macau and Guangdong. Yang Shicong's "Jade Tang Hui Ji" says: "Alcohol and tobacco have never passed the wind, and Liao Zuo has something to do, so it gradually came into being, starting from the apocalypse. "Although there are different views on the way tobacco was introduced into China, it is a popular way to introduce tobacco from Luzon. This is not only because of the geographical location of Luzon Island and the early Portuguese occupation, which may make this area accept American tobacco earlier than other parts of Asia, but also because of rich and specific literature records, Zhang Quan is probably the first place to introduce tobacco in China. Flue-cured tobacco originated in the United States, formerly known as Dongyan, also known as American tobacco or Virginia tobacco. Flue-cured tobacco in China was introduced in the early 20th century, and it first entered China with the invasion and plunder of foreign capitalist forces. 19 The cigarette machine appeared in the late 1970s, which made Britain and the United States in the world leading position in cigarette industry technology and products, thus strengthening foreign raw material plunder and commodity export. 19 After the 1980s, imperialism tried its best to import foreign cigarettes into China, on the other hand, it actively planned to export capital to China and set up cigarette factories on the spot, so as to occupy the local market with cheap labor and raw materials and gain greater profits. Shanghai is the earliest and most concentrated place where foreign investors set up cigarette factories. Foreign investors set up cigarette factories in China, which are well funded and enjoy various privileges, and are in a favorable position in the competition. Therefore, they can use cheap raw materials and labor for a long time, occupy the consumer market, and get high profits year by year, which has seriously hindered the development of China's national cigarette industry. Under the impact and influence of foreign cigarettes, people of insight in the industrial and commercial circles all over the country have proposed to set up their own cigarette industrial enterprises in China to protect their rights. At that time, the environment was very favorable to the national industry, which made the nascent national cigarette industry develop. According to relevant records, in 1898, a Guangdong businessman invested 14 000 yuan to set up Maoda cigarette factory in Yichang, Hubei Province, which may be the first enterprise in China's modern national cigarette industry, but it closed down in 1900. Later, some early cigarette industrial enterprises appeared in Tianjin and Shanghai, and these two places actually became the centers of the cigarette industry in the north and south at that time. Other places, such as Yantai, Beijing, Hankou, Harbin and Baoding, also have some early influential tobacco companies and cigarette factories. Of course, the most influential ones are the emergence of Beiyang Tobacco Company and Nanyang Tobacco Company. The appearance of these two companies indicates that the national cigarette industry in China has entered a new stage of development. China's national cigarette industry came into being in the confrontation with foreign capital and grew up in the struggle with foreign capitalist forces. 1925 The May 30th tragedy broke out, and China cigarette industry ushered in another spring, and the national cigarette industry developed for the second time. The outbreak of the tragedy set off a large-scale mass boycott of foreign goods, and the domestic goods movement was in full swing. As a result, the cigarette factories of Chinese businessmen in Shanghai worked overtime day and night, but the market was still in short supply, and national capital also built their own cigarette factories. During the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, the cigarette industry in Northeast China, North China, East China and South China was devastated by the war and was quickly looted by the Japanese puppet government. After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the National Government took over the Japanese-puppet tobacco industry in Shanghai and other places, and some national private cigarette factories also resumed their work one after another, and some even expanded their production. China's cigarette industry experienced a short period of prosperity. After the founding of New China, China tobacco industry has developed. Due to the establishment and perfection of the socialist system, the tobacco industry in China, like other industries, has been rapidly revitalized. So far, the tobacco industry has become one of the most important sources of tax profits in China. Third, Chinese and foreign tobacco cultures are rich and colorful. Tobacco first entered China with many names. " They are called Danbagu, Danbagu, Danbagu, Danguoguo, No Return, Drunk, Golden Silk, Pink Grass and Alcohol. Tobacco is also called Cao Ren and octagonal in Guangdong, Tantan in Hangzhou, and acacia in some places. The above names can be roughly divided into several categories: one is written according to various transliteration of "tobacco" in Taba, which has just been introduced, and you can know it at a glance. The second category is the new name praised by people for its color, fragrance, boredom, refreshing and social functions. Such as Fencao, Cao Rencao, Similar Grass, Similar Smoke, Similar Drunk, Shenhuan Grass, Acacia Grass and other beautiful names. There are also names that belittle it, such as smelly grass and kudzu vine, but these names have been useless for a long time. Three names are difficult to understand with today's wisdom, such as octagonal, which cannot be reasonably explained today. The fourth category is dialects, such as drunkenness, which is probably the dialect in Tanzhou area. The five categories are long-term names, namely cigarettes, and related tobacco, alcohol and tobacco leaves. Perhaps the best name for tobacco is "Spring Grass", which comes from the earliest users of tobacco-Indians. According to legend, a princess died and people buried her in the sky according to custom. Strangely enough, the princess didn't get eaten and came back alive a few days later. It turned out that she was stimulated by tobacco and woke up again. As a result, tobacco was given the reputation of "rejuvenation grass" and spread. Real smokers may think that it can not only "rejuvenate", but also "rejuvenate" and "restore feelings" Smoke three times, the spirit is infinite. Some people say that a "product" has three mouths, when it is tobacco, wine and tea. Some people even say that a cigarette after a meal is better than a living fairy. It can be said that it brings a kind of enjoyment to people. That I can't forget to introduce people into the world of romantic imagination. The ancients in China also called tobacco "a girl without worries". According to legend, there was a young couple, Pan Xiao and Chen Gu, who worked hard and loved each other. One day, Chen Gu unfortunately fell ill and died soon. Pan Xiao was in such pain that he often cried in the cemetery and never came back. When Chen Gu was in the grave, she was sad, too. She thought to herself, Pan Xiaoru is so kind to me. How can I relieve his depression? She thought about it and turned into a grass. She dreams about Pan Xiao three times a year and tells him to water and fertilize the grass in summer. In autumn, let him collect grass; Tell him to burn and smoke in winter. These little Pan did it one by one. He began to make a long tube, put a leaf on it and began to take a sip. He only felt wobbly and intoxicated, and all the melancholy and troubles in the past seemed to disappear at once. From then on, Pan Xiaoru got a treasure, calling this grass "a girl without worries". In the future, tobacco will become a special smoking food and will soon spread among people. Abroad, tobacco also has many stories. Nicolas, the French ambassador to Portugal, also planted several plants for ornamental and medicinal purposes. At that time, Nicholas worshiped tobacco and used it to treat tinea, ulcer and shame. After returning home, he took tobacco seedlings to France and urged the Queen Mother Catherine to use cigarette powder as snuff, which cured the headache of the Queen Mother. So tobacco was widely spread and planted in France, and it was called "Ambassador Grass" and "Queen Mother Grass". Later, tobacco was designated as nicotine, and nicotine was named nicotine to commemorate Nigut's contribution. King Shasfi of Persia called it "ugly grass" because he was worried that smoking would affect the national fertility rate. Wild tobacco is also a kind of tobacco. "Herbal Medicine of Southern Yunnan in the Late Ming Dynasty" said: "Wild smoke is warm, pungent and poisonous-it disturbs people and makes them unconscious."