Ottoman Empire, a country founded by Turks. The first king, Osman I, first moved to Central Asia and took Islam as the state religion, and then moved to Asia Minor, which became increasingly prosperous. In its heyday, it reached Europe, Asia and Africa, and most of southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. It reaches the Caspian Sea and Persian Gulf in the west, Austria and Romania in the north and Sudan in the south. Since the demise of the Eastern Roman Empire, Constantinople (renamed Istanbul) has been its capital, claiming to be the heir of the Roman Empire. Therefore, his emperor regarded himself as the master of the world, inherited the Roman Empire and Islamic civilization, and the eastern and western civilizations were integrated in his hands.

The Ottoman Empire is a military feudal country with a combination of politics and religion, with a complete centralized administrative system. As the supreme ruler, Sudan integrates politics, military affairs, justice and religion, and implements hereditary system. Since Sultan Salim I, he has always claimed to be the "caliph" of Muslims in the world. As a religious leader, he adopted the title of "Amir Moumini" (that is, "the leader of believers"), but it has never been recognized by the Islamic world. The country implements a feudal land system, and state-owned land accounts for 80%, which is called "rice grain". In addition, there are Wakf land and private land (that is, mulk) that are sealed as mosques and religious communities. State-owned land is divided into three categories: Haas, Zemeide and Thimar. Haas is a member of the royal family and a senior civil and military official, Lu Tian, whose income exceeds 654.38+ million akers (silver coin units). Zemed and Timar are land granted to soldiers on the condition of military service, with incomes of more than 20,000 and less than 20,000 akche respectively. The main financial revenue of the empire is land tax, tribute, zakat, population tax and war plunder. Its economy is mainly agriculture, handicrafts and commerce. The government restricted the development of foreign trade, and businessmen in Venice, Genoa and Milan enjoyed many trade privileges.

2. Byzantine Empire

Byzantine Empire (or writing Byzantine Empire; Greek: υινυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυυ). During its 1000 years of existence, it was generally referred to as the "Roman Empire". Byzantine Empire experienced 12 dynasties; 93 emperors. The capital of the empire is New Rome (Latin: Nova Roma, Constantinople).

The name of Byzantium comes from an ancient Greek immigrant city near the sea. In 330 AD, the Roman emperor Constantine I built a city here as the capital of the Roman Empire and renamed it Constantinople. Constantinople, located in the Bosporus Strait, is a strategic waterway connecting the Black Sea and the Aegean Sea, and its geographical position is very advantageous. In 395 AD, the huge Roman Empire was invaded by barbarians from all walks of life. For the convenience of jurisdiction, the empire was divided into two parts. The Eastern Roman Empire took Constantinople as its capital, so it was also called the Byzantine Empire.

In 476 AD, under the repeated attacks of Xiongnu and many Germanic tribes, the Western Roman Empire finally swallowed its last breath, and Byzantium became the only Roman Empire-in fact, they always claimed to be of pure Roman descent.