The houses of the Gelao nationality are mostly built on a tree, which is surrounded by mountains and waters and rises from the ground. It has the characteristics of moisture-proof, adequate lighting and good ventilation. In each historical stage of the development of the Gelao nationality in Wuchuan, with the improvement of economic conditions, its living form has also evolved.
First, dry column
Ganlanpeng is an early architectural residence of Gelao nationality. "Shu Wei" said: Nowadays, people "live on the building blocks of trees, which are called' dry fences', and the size of dry fences depends on the number of people in their families". Later, the dry fence was moved from the tree to the flat ground, and wooden stakes were laid on the ground, and giant trees were laid on the wooden stakes. The roof is herringbone, covered with thatch or bark. Its original dry shed made of trees is no longer used for residential houses, but mostly used as temporary shelter for guarding crops. Because it is mainly to prevent wild boar, this simple dry shed is also called "wild boar shed".
Second, a thousand shames settled down.
Take the tree as the column or pile driving as the column, and the four columns are two high and two low. Nail them on the beam, spread wooden boards or bamboo chips to form a roof with water, cover them with thatch or fir bark, and use round bamboo or fine wood or corn stalk plus plywood as the surrounding walls. Because there are hundreds of thin wood, round bamboo and corn stalks, like thousands of stigma, this kind of residence can also build a herringbone roof on four pillars, which is similar to a building in appearance.
Third, the triangle residence.
Triangular houses are generally backed by ridges or stone walls, and there are also reliable trees that can be hung on several trees. This kind of house only needs two columns and one beam, and the two columns cross into a triangle, and the beam is dragged back to the backward inclined place at the point where the two columns cross. So this kind of house is also called the trailing thatched fork house. The ground main building of this triangular residential building consists of three triangles. Two triangles formed by beams, columns and the ground are obliquely connected to form a roof and a wall. The triangle formed by the two pillars is the entrance and exit door and the window for ventilation and lighting. This kind of residential building is no longer used for living, but mostly used for stacking sundries or making simple toilets. Because the sundries piled up in plant ash are often used in agricultural production, this triangular building is also called "grey factory shed".
Fourth, arched houses.
Convenient movement is created on the basis of triangular residence by using the principle of bow. The main building of the arched house has a rectangular base made of six squares, which is shaped like a bed. The superstructure only needs four ductile materials (such as bamboo) to be processed into thin sheets, two of which are used as building materials for the inner arch to support the wall and roof, and two are used as building materials for the outer arch to fix the wall and roof. The building materials for walls and roofs are made from local materials, which can be palm leaves, leaves or bamboo. Single-arch residence is low in height and small in area, which can not meet the needs of families. After gradual improvement, two arched roofs and walls were formed and folded and assembled. This house is no longer used for home, but only for people who migrate to raise ducks, hence the name "duck shed".
Five, wooden houses
Wooden houses are divided into five, seven, nine or thirteen rooms, and thirteen rooms are generally three floors. Wood structure residence has the stability of triangular residence and the characteristics of arched building with ground beam. The roof is mostly drained on both sides of the herringbone, and the bottom is connected by Sichuan rows. The bedroom is set about two to three feet from the ground, and the floor can also be set about one foot from the ground outside the bedroom.
The main structure of the five-shelf house is that three stigmas fall to the ground, and three Sichuan rows are used to connect the upper, middle and lower stigmas and two melon trees, and one peach is connected in front and back to form an arrangement. One column is not a house, but two columns are connected into a room by falling eaves, beams and purlins. The number of columns depends on the need.
The structure of a seven-story building is similar to that of a five-story building, with four pillars and three melons, mostly two floors.
The walls and floors of the wooden house are sealed with wooden boards, and the roof is covered with blue tiles. Generally, there are four rows of three rooms, with one hall in the middle, which is about 1.5 meters more recessed than the rooms on both sides. A hall is formed outside, with two gates in the middle and two half-wooden fences outside. No one lives in the hall, which is used for ancestor worship, god worship, sacrifice and reception of distinguished guests. The left and right rooms are used as bedrooms and kitchens.
Generally, the foundation of a house is more than one foot higher than the surrounding ground, and the eaves around the eaves are more than two feet wide. The height inside and outside the house is different, waterproof and moistureproof, ventilated and warm.
Gelao people are very particular about building houses. Please ask Mr. Feng Shui to choose the homestead first, and then ask Mr. Daochang to choose an auspicious day. Then two carpenters were asked to start building. Masons and carpenters also pay attention to the start date, depending on whether it violates industry taboos. Masons avoid the soil and never enter the fields, but carpenters do not commit luban evil when they commit crimes.
Six, stone fence
Stone fence is an indispensable part of residential buildings. It can not only resist foreign invasion and prevent the spread of fire, but also reflect family development, local prestige and its economic strength. Longtan Village in Daping Town (formerly known as Huotan Cliff) still retains the stone walls and residential buildings in Ming and Qing Dynasties.
In ancient times, buildings with stone walls, especially the orientation facing the door, seemed to Mr. Feng Shui to be eight-character facing the door, the ear door, the straight door and so on. Whether it is a single family, three or five families, or even a bungalow facing the gate, it is completely related to people's fate. Even if it is nailing the door, counting the doors, or even opening the threshold, there is a certain saying. The boundary of the stone fence, the location of the gate and the planting place of the geomantic tree are all related to the family life in the future. Today, it seems that Mr. Feng Shui's planning is to plan a reasonable living environment, which is an "aesthetic principle".
With the popularization of science and culture, the concept and form of Gelao people's housing have also changed, and wooden buildings have been used and rarely built. In places with convenient transportation, some wooden houses will be transformed into brick-wood structures, and some cement brick bungalows will be built. Wealthy people will build one-story or multi-story brick-concrete buildings with one bottom, tile, aluminum alloy glass windows and security doors.
Characteristics of Gelao Folk Houses
Gelao nationality is one of the oldest nationalities in Guizhou Plateau, which originated from a branch of the ancient Liao people and was called Kuliao, Geliao, Geliao and Geliao in history. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been other names, such as Muge Lao, Shui Ge Lao, Huage Lao, Hongge Lao and Pihuge Lao. Gelao language belongs to Sino-Tibetan language family. Gelao language can be divided into four dialects: draft language, Aoou language, Haoou language and Doro language. The Gelao people have no written language and have long used Chinese. There are many branches of the Gelao nationality and their residences are scattered. Now the population of Gelao nationality is 558.8+00000, which is all over the province. Due to the influence of geography and other ethnic groups, the houses of Gelao people vary greatly from place to place. Most gelao people live in mountainous areas. There used to be a folk proverb: "There are seedlings in the mountains, there are Dong families in the water, and the Gelao people live in the rock corner." According to local conditions, Gelao compatriots built houses with stones, laid foundations with stones, and built roofs with stone slabs. But the interior is a wooden diaojiao building.
The houses of the Gelao people living in Pingba, Anshun, Puding and Liuzhi are similar to those of the nearby Buyi and Han people. "Tunbao people" like to build stone pagodas, which are easy to defend but difficult to attack, and have good defense function, which has a great influence on local Gelao folk houses.
The houses of the Gelao people living in Qianxi, Dafang, Bijie and Zhijin are wooden structures, but they are not diaojiao buildings. In the past, the roofs were mostly covered with thatch and the walls were rammed with sand, which was related to the economic conditions and the need to keep warm and prevent hail in alpine mountainous areas. The houses in Mao Ping are very thick and tidy, and the roofs and eaves are quite exquisite. The two ends under the eaves are carefully woven with ribbon knots of different shapes, just like the eaves of covered tiles. There is less wood in this area. Usually there are only two wooden frames in the bay, and the last two are earth walls.
Gelao compatriots living in Zunyi, Renhuai, Daozhen and Wuchuan have better natural conditions. The back of the house is lush with bamboo and wood, the roof is covered with small tiles, and the walls are firmly filled with boards. If it is an adobe wall, rammed earth wall, or a fence, brush it with white ash, which is refreshing and lively.
Living in Shiqian, Sinan, Cengong and Shibing, the Gelao people love to build stilted turrets. In the countryside around Shiqian Huaqiao, the eaves of small buildings are upturned, surrounded by bamboo and wood, which is beautiful and charming. These Gelao folk houses are not too big, but the eaves are deep, and the space under the eaves becomes an open warehouse. During the autumn harvest, every household is covered with golden corn and red pepper, which is a bumper harvest scene. The plane of the residential building is arc-shaped, with four main rooms and a pharynx in the bay. There is a wing on one side of the main house with a small cornice. The wing rooms are two rooms, most of which are hanging feet. The ground floor room is closed for livestock, firewood and farm tools. Hang the fence upstairs and dry the clothes under the eaves. The cornice is not only beautiful, but also plays an important role in increasing indoor lighting and outdoor use space. The cornice boards of this upturned turret are all painted with lime, which is particularly eye-catching. On holidays, doors, windows and columns are pasted with couplets, which makes the atmosphere more warm.
Gelao nationality is the oldest nationality in Guizhou Plateau, and some people think it is the descendant of Gu Yelang. Its branches are numerous and its residences are extremely scattered all over the province. Influenced by the geographical environment and other ethnic groups, the houses of Gelao people vary from place to place. Most gelao people live in mountainous areas. As the saying goes, "there are seedlings in the mountains, armor in the water, and the old man lives in the rock corner." According to local conditions, Gelao compatriots build houses with stones, lay foundations with stones, build walls with stones and build roofs with slates. But the interior is a wooden diaojiao building.
The houses of Gelao villagers living in Pingba, Anshun, Puding and Liuzhiqian are similar to those of Buyi and Han Tunbao people nearby. Tunpu people like to build stone pagodas, which are easy to defend but difficult to attack, and have a great influence on the local houses of the Gelao people.
Although the houses of Gelao compatriots living in Qianxi, Dafang, Bijie and northwest Zhijin Guizhou are wooden structures, they are not diaojiao buildings, and most of them are covered with thatch and rammed with sand, which is related to economic conditions and the special needs of keeping warm and preventing hail in alpine areas. On the thatched roof, the thatched roof is particularly thick and tidy, and the roof and eaves are very particular. The two ends under the eaves are carefully woven with ribbon knots of different shapes, just like the eaves of a tile house, which has a good artistic decoration effect and is known as "poor women comb their hair skillfully".
Gelao compatriots in Shiqian, Sinan, Cengong, Shibingqian and other places like to build "upturned watchtower" with dry columns. The countryside around huaqiao town, Shiqian County is beautiful and charming, with small buildings, cornices and bamboo groves. These Gelao folk houses are not too big, but the eaves are far-reaching, and the space under the eaves becomes an open warehouse. The plane of the residential building is curved like a ruler. There are four main rooms, and the Ming room has a "pharynx". There is a wing on one side of the main house, and the cornice is upturned, which is small and exquisite. The wing rooms have two floors, most of which are diaojiao buildings. On the ground floor, animals are shut down, firewood is piled, and farm tools are put. Upstairs is surrounded by a "straight railing" to dry clothes under the eaves. The cornice is not only beautiful, but also plays an important role in increasing indoor lighting and outdoor use space.
Gelao compatriots living in Zunyi, Renhuai, Daozhen, Wuchuan and northern Guizhou have better natural conditions. The front and back of the house are lush bamboo and wood, the roof is covered with small blue tiles, and the walls are covered with boards. If it is adobe wall, rammed earth wall, bamboo wall and hedge wall, it will be fresh and lively with white ash. The "Longtan Village Ancient Architecture Complex" with a long history and exquisite craftsmanship was recommended by the Provincial Cultural Relics Bureau to National Cultural Heritage Administration as the sixth batch of national key cultural relics protection units.
Wuchuan Gelao and Miao Autonomous County, located in the northeast of Guizhou, has a very long history. Wuchuan County was established as early as the Northern Song Dynasty. Longtan Village is located in the northeast of Dujuan Town, the county seat, and is under the jurisdiction of Daping Town. Named after the "Longtan" in front of the village. The main features of Gelao folk houses in Longtan Village are highlighted in the architectural layout and stone and wood decoration. The overall layout is messy, it seems that there is no mutual echo, and there is no unified sitting direction, which is caused by the terrain. Longtan area is a karst landform, which is called "rock corner" by local people. Building a house in a rocky corner can only be done according to local conditions, and it is difficult to sit in a unified way. But as far as one household is concerned, it is still relatively regular. Generally, it is a front hatchback with a stone courtyard dam in the middle and a masonry wall outside, forming a closed quadrangle. The stone walls of quadrangles are mostly made of rubble or square stones. The former has many techniques such as flat masonry, oblique masonry and random masonry. There are two layers of reverse masonry in the oblique masonry, forming "wheat grain", which is also called "fishbone" locally. Ears of wheat and fish bones are mascots and have always been favored.
Stone-walled residential buildings must be built with "facing doors". "Chaomen" usually consists of a wooden hanging door and a stone splayed wall. Door hairpin or carved pumpkin, or carved longevity, meaning more children and more happiness. The water ripples carved by Lianying are intended to prevent fire, similar to the "peach symbol" carved by other nationalities. The main rooms are mostly four rooms and three rooms. The most striking thing is that the doors and windows are richly carved. There are six doors and six windows in the Ming Dynasty, which means "all" and "all". There are also six doors and windows, but only four windows are carved. Many people open the door at the second time, and the upper part of the door is decorated with a circular hanging object, which is called the "Moon Gate".
The wooden doors and windows of the Gelao people's houses in Longtan Village are decorated with auspicious patterns of different shapes, such as ploughing and reading fishing firewood, robbing treasure with double dragons, rising sun with double phoenix, and wild deer with wisdom. What is particularly interesting is that many auspicious patterns are combined to produce special effects. If a single fish looks like a fish, it will be combined into a bat; Look at pumpkins alone and combine them into lotus flowers; Looking at two peaches alone, they add up to two fish; Looking at it alone, it is a happy character, and the combination is "two dragons grab the treasure" and so on. There is also a unique feature, that is, not only the main entrance of the Ming Dynasty was equipped with a "waist door", but also the second door was equipped with a "waist door". All the "waist doors" are hollow, but almost no pattern is the same, which fully reflects their original spirit.
The upper part of the Ming room is decorated with baskets, the wall is removed, and the outside is painted with lime to write auspicious words. Some people even carve and draw auspicious language and patterns on the beams, which is really called "carving beams and painting buildings". This is rare in Guizhou.