Geographical survey
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is located in the northwest loess plateau of China and the middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River, bordering Gansu in the southwest, Shaanxi in the east and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the north. Although Ningxia has a small land area, its terrain types are diverse. The terrain in this area is high in the south and low in the north. The northern part is Ningxia Plain. Hilly and mountainous areas in the south: The Yellow River passes through the middle and 10 counties and cities. The process is 399 kilometers. The main mountains are Helan Mountain, Liupanshan Mountain, Luoshan Mountain, Niushou Mountain and Xiangshan Mountain, and the larger rivers are Qingshui River, Jinghe River and Hulu River.
Climatic characteristics
Ningxia belongs to temperate continental climate, which is characterized by drought, little rain, windy and dusty weather, extremely hot ciel phantomhive, long cold winter and abundant sunshine. The temperature changes greatly from year to year. The temperature drops from south to north, with an average annual temperature of 5~9℃. The annual precipitation is180 ~ 680mm. Descending from south to north. Precipitation in mountainous areas has increased significantly. For example, the annual precipitation on the windward slope of Helan Mountain is about twice that of Yinchuan City at the foot of the mountain. Precipitation is mostly concentrated in June-September, with a large annual change rate. Therefore, the threat of drought is serious.
natural resource
Ningxia has good metallogenic conditions for energy minerals and nonmetallic minerals. This area is rich in coal resources. In particular, the quality of anthracite in Rujigou ranks first in China. Most of the coal produced in Ningxia is sold to other provinces. There are still some reserves of oil and natural gas in the autonomous region, which have been developed. Ningxia also has certain advantages in terms of animal and plant resources. There are many precious creatures in the territory, and nature reserves have been established.
transport
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region has formed a highway network with Yinchuan, Zhongning, Guyuan and other places as the center, leading to cities and counties and more than 98% towns and villages. Baotou-lanzhou railway passes through Ningxia, connects Lanzhou in the west, and connects with Lan Xin, Lanqing and Longhai railways: Baotou in the east and beijing-baotou railway in the east. In terms of air transport, there is an airport in the southeast of Yinchuan, Ningxia, which has opened flights to Beijing, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Chengdu, Xi, Kunming and Chongqing.
General situation of economy
The cultivated land area in Ningxia is 6.5438+0.4 million hectares, and the grassland area is 2.84 million hectares. Animal husbandry plays an important role in raising sheep, with rich fur. Ningxia Lycium barbarum is a superior product in China and has been developed into a series of products. There are mainly Lycium barbarum crystal sugar and chinese wolfberry wine, which are important foreign exchange earning projects and pillar industries in Ningxia. Among them, medlar, licorice, Helan stone, Nostoc flagelliforme and beach sheepskin are also called "red, yellow, blue, black and white" five-color local products. Since the founding of New China, due to the rapid development of transportation, industrial systems such as coal, electricity, metallurgy, machinery, medicine, chemicals, building materials, textiles, chemical fibers, plastics, daily silicate, sugar, electronics, instruments, leather, paper, cigarettes and food have been built successively, and now it has become an economic system dominated by energy.
Cultural practices
Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is the largest Hui nationality community in China, with 2 million Hui people living there. In the long-term historical development, they have formed a strong national custom. For example, local people like to sing high-pitched folk songs. Commonly known as flowers. Flowers are not accompanied by musical instruments and are flexible in form. Labor, life, hometown, love ... are the themes it often expresses. In addition, Hui women in mountainous areas in southern Ningxia also like to cut window grilles and play strings.
Capital: Yinchuan
Yinchuan is located in the northern part of the autonomous region, bordering Helan Mountain in the west and the Yellow River in the east. It covers an area of 9555 square kilometers and governs 3 districts and 2 counties. The Han nationality is the majority in this city, and there are 25 ethnic minorities such as Hui, Mongolian and Manchu. Yinchuan was the land of Yongzhou in the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the nomadic land of Rong and Qiang nationalities in the Spring and Autumn and Warring States Period, the place where Yan and other Rong nationalities lived, and the land of Fuping County in the Northern County in the Qin Dynasty. 1038, Li established the Daxia Kingdom here, known as Xixia in history. Renamed Xingqing House. Yuan is the seat of Xixia Zhongxing and other Taoism, provinces and autonomous regions. 1944 was changed to a city and named Yinchuan. Yinchuan is located in the middle of Yellow River Irrigation District in Yinchuan Plain. The terrain gradually inclines from southwest to northeast, with a gentle slope. East of the Yellow River, thousands of miles away, it is called "Jiangnan". Yinchuan belongs to temperate continental climate zone. Industry is dominated by machinery, textiles, chemicals, food, building materials and electronic products. Chemical industry plays an important role in Ningxia's national economy. Crops include wheat, rice, vegetables, melons and fruits. In terms of transportation. Baotou-lanzhou railway, National Highway 109 and National Highway 1 10 transit north and south. Civil aviation flights can reach Beijing, Shanghai, Xi, Lanzhou and other big cities. There are 10 places of interest in China.
Haibaota
Sea floating tower is commonly known as North floating tower, also known as Heta and Hei floating tower. Haibaota Temple in the northern suburb of Yinchuan. This pagoda may have been built in the late Qin Dynasty during the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The existing buildings were rebuilt after the earthquake in the 43rd year of Qingganlong (1778). The tower is a 9-story 1 1 grade pavilion-style brick tower with unique architectural style, simple and changeable traditional "Asian" shape, which is rare for ancient pagodas in China. Tasha is a peach-shaped four-pyramid roof made of green glazed tiles, and its accessories such as wheels, canopies and spheres are unique.
Western Xia imperial tombs
Xixia Mausoleum is located at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain in Fiona Fang, covering an area of 40 square kilometers. There are 9 imperial tombs and 65,438+000 tombs of bureaucrats and dignitaries. Lingyi is located in the north of Lingqu, with a total area of about 60,000 square meters, surrounded by rammed earth walls. Corner platforms are built in the four corners of the city, and tall bird platforms stand on both sides of Shinto. AD 1227。 The mausoleum was destroyed. Now there are only the god wall, the magpie table and the turret. Those octagonal pagodas built in loess with a height of more than 20 meters have been praised as the pyramids of China by foreign tourists in modern times.
Rock paintings of Helan Mountain
The rock paintings of Helan Mountain are the remains of ancient nomadic people in China carved on cliffs. The main content of painting is portrait, hunting, grazing, war, dance, totem and reproductive worship, which is a true reflection of the life of ancient nomadic people living in this area. The rock paintings of Helan Mountain reflect the production, life and customs of ancient nomadic people in northern China, and provide valuable video materials for academic research.
Rolling bell mouth
Roll trumpet mouth, commonly known as Xiaokouzi, is located at the eastern foot of Helan Mountain, 33 kilometers northwest of Yinchuan City. The mountain pass is surrounded by mountains on three sides and opens to the east. Shaped like a big clock. There is a hill inside, such as a clock hanging on a clock, hence the name. At present, the ancient buildings preserved include Laojuntang, Doumu Palace, Compassion Pavilion, Tian Xiaodong, Xinglong Temple and Mosque, which are places where Buddhism, Taoism and Islam are integrated. Because the snow on the top of the mountain at the end of the gully does not melt all the year round, Helan has a scene of sending charcoal in the snow, which is one of the eight scenic spots in Ningxia in the Ming Dynasty. In addition, there are natural landscapes in the valley, such as the roar of lions, crouching tigers, fairies leading the way, blue sheep jumping and so on, which are very vivid.
Gaomiao Temple of Zhongwei
Zhongwei High Temple was built in the orthodox period of Ming Dynasty. The original building was small in scale and has been rebuilt for several generations. By the Qing Dynasty, it had become a large-scale ancient architectural complex. Zhongwei High Temple is a temple with three religions in one. This high temple faces south. The main buildings are the Shanmen and Ursa Hall of Bao 'an Temple, followed by the brick archway of Gao Temple, the worse gate and the heavy building, and finally the wuyue, Jade Emperor and Notre Dame, which are as high as three floors. These main buildings are all on a central axis, corresponding to each other at different levels, increasing step by step, and magnificent. Throughout the whole picture, the buildings are stacked, the pavilions and corridors are connected, the eaves and teeth are pecked at each other, and the wing angles are towering, which constitutes a tortuous internal and external space, fully embodying the style of ancient buildings in Ningxia.
108 towers
The 108 Tower is located on the hillside on the west bank of the Yellow River in Xiakoushan, Qingtongxia City, and built according to the mountain situation. The tower body of each tower is like a bowl, and its appearance is white, which has the characteristics of Lama Tower. These towers are equilateral triangles with unique layout. Unique. The age when this tower group was built has not been recorded, but it has been called ancient pagoda in Ming History. It is the only large-scale tower group with triangular layout in China ancient tower building.
xumishan grottoes
Xumishan Grottoes are also called Yuanguang Temple Grottoes. Above sea level 1700 meters. The mountains are green and the rocks are rugged. There are more than 30 grottoes/kloc-0 in Xumishan, of which more than 20 are well preserved. They were placed in Yuanguang Temple, Children's Palace, Giant Buddha Building, Taohua Cave and other places. Among them, the second largest cave was carved in the third year of the Tang Dynasty (849), which contained a sitting statue of Sakyamuni. It is 20 meters high. Put your hands on your knees, your legs droop, your face is full, your clothes are natural and smooth, and your artistic style in Tang Dynasty is very strong. There are many Tang and Song Xixia inscriptions in the grottoes, which are one of the most important grottoes art treasures in China.
China Western Film Studio
Zhenbeibao West Film and Television City is located at the foot of West Helan Mountain in Yinchuan City. It consists of two castles, one is a military camp in the Ming dynasty, commonly known as the castle; The other is the new castle, which was built during the Qianlong period after the old castle was destroyed by the earthquake. It is commonly called Tuweizi locally. A series of movie business cards were born from here. Zhang Yimou filmed Red Sorghum and Stephen Chow filmed A Chinese Odyssey.
Sand lake
Husha Lake is located in Pingluo County, at the intersection of Fuyaoxi (Xidatan) Highway and Baolan Highway, 56 kilometers south of Yinchuan and 60 kilometers north of Shizuishan. Shahu Lake with a total area of 45 square kilometers has 8.2 square kilometers of lakes, with an average water depth of 2.2 meters, desert 12 square kilometers and wetland swamp of 24 square kilometers. Husha Lake is densely covered with reeds, and birds are singing and flowers are fragrant. The east of the lake is the habitat of migratory birds, which is one of the better bird watching areas.
Shapotou
Shapotou is about 20 kilometers west of Zhongwei, on the southeast edge of Tengger Desert. The dunes are crescent-shaped and nearly 100 meters high. At the foot is the surging Yellow River with beautiful scenery. Magnificent momentum. When people climb to the top of the sand dune and descend from top to bottom, the sand will make waves of noise: sometimes it is like the whine of shaking diabolo, and sometimes it is like the long sound of a golden bell jar, which is melodious, loud and beautiful. Shapo Bell has become one of the scenic spots of Zhongwei, similar to Mingsha Mountain in Dunhuang.