First, the titles in the pre-Qin period were 1, the ancient titles and general codes. Official. "Title" upload: Yellow Emperor: Fang Li Wan Li, this is all countries, each hundred miles. Tang: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were five classes: male, female, male, male and male.
Yin: Male, Hou, Bo, etc. , public thyme, Hou Qili, Bo Wuli. Zhou: Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, etc. Male 100 Li, male 70 Li and male 50 Li.
Zhou Gongju was restructured, with a big seal, 500 Li, 400 Li, 300 Li, 200 Li and 100 Li. Mencius on Zhang Wan said: the son of heaven, a male, a Hou, an uncle, a son, a man, five capitals.
Gentleman, lady, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, there are six grades. The system of the son of heaven is thousands of miles away.
Public officials are hundreds of miles, men are 70 miles, and men are 50 miles, so they are all fourth-class. Can't be fifty miles, less than the emperor, attached to the princes.
The son of heaven was regarded by the local authorities in the Qing Dynasty, the doctor was regarded by the local authorities, and Yuan was regarded as a son by the local authorities. But the above-mentioned "title" is just a title, which is very different from the title of later generations.
Except for the son of heaven, men and women have equal status and power, but there are some differences in etiquette treatment. Recently, there are many works in this field, which are specifically aimed at this problem.
2. Titles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Before the Warring States Period, there were actually three levels of titles in various vassal States, namely, Qing, Doctor and Scholar, and each level was divided into upper, middle and lower levels. Countries are treated differently according to their size. For example, Zuo Zhuan said, "The two countries are above the big country, China is below the big country, and the next country is its doctor."
The little guy should be a big country subordinate, a medium country subordinate, a big country subordinate and a doctor subordinate. Food sealing standards are different, such as "the minister of a big country, the field of travel, the field of doctors, and the field of individual soldiers" in Mandarin.
"Zuo Zhuan" also has Zhao Jianzi's saying that "doctors go to the county, doctors go to the county". During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries were generally Qing and Doctor.
For example, there have been "Shangqing", "Yaqing" and "Keqing" in all countries, all of which are senior officials and will get the same income. At the doctor level, there are doctors in Shanghai, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and five doctors.
Marquis appeared in the Warring States period, such as marquis of Qin, marquis of Guan Nei, marquis of Chu and marquis of other countries. In addition to Marquis, there are princes whose fiefs are calculated by county or household, but they can only eat the rent of their fiefs, which is not independent of military and political judicial power and is not hereditary.
In addition, there are some special titles in various countries, such as the title of Chu, holding silk and so on. Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has appointed 20 military posts: first-class male scholar, second-class commander, third-class commander, fourth-class commander (equivalent to "scholar" or above), five doctors, six doctors, seven doctors, eight riders, nine doctors (equivalent to "doctor" or above), ten left concubines and eleven right concubines.
After the car, you have to eat the county (order, long), and the grain tax in the customs is in the customs. If you are over 18 years old, you will be like an official. Anyone who captures an enemy's head will be awarded the rank of knight, and there will also be preferential treatment for Tian Zhai and service personnel.
If you have a title, you can be an official, behead the first enemy armor and give it a title. If you are willing to be an official, you can be an "official of fifty stones", which means fighting for food. Second, the title of Qin and Han dynasties destroyed the six countries, and the pure county system was implemented, and the title was still twenty.
In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, eight opposite-sex governors were enfeoffed, but most of them were swept away soon, and a number of same-sex governors were enfeoffed in Kanto to help the people. The early vassal States were generally large, often with several counties. There is a teacher at home who assists the king, and literature and history govern the people. Lieutenant in charge of Wu Zhi, Cheng in charge of all officials, all doctors are officials like the Han Dynasty.
After the rebellion of the seven countries, it was cut again. For five years, Emperor Jingdi banned governors from governing the country again. Tian Zi was appointed as an official, and the Prime Minister changed his position. The provincial imperial doctors, Tingwei, Shaofu, and doctors, doctors, worshippers, and Langguan all lost their members. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the history of the Han Dynasty to Jing Guang Yin, the lieutenant to Guang Lu Xun, and the doctor to Guang Lu Xun, so the country remained unchanged.
Damage its card shark, rank 1000 stone; Change the servant to a servant, and the level is also 1000 stone. Emperor Yangdi and the history of the first year of the province paid more attention to governing the people, such as the county magistrate and lieutenant.
Later, the kingdom was just a county. After the death of the king, all the scholars could divide the land, and the land became smaller and smaller. The Eastern Han Dynasty was a bit like the Western Han Dynasty, where the prince was king, the county was the country, and Fu, Xiang, and.
The number of households in Hou (that is, the rank of 20 products) is poor, ranging from 10 thousand to five or six hundred. In the early Han Dynasty, there were 143 people who were honored for their merits. The Hou system is equivalent to a county, with a national phase and a county order, which is controlled by the county order.
There were other officials in the later dynasty, such as Jia Cheng, the bastard, the doctor under the door, the horse washer, pedestrians and so on. The imperial city set up a lieutenant in charge of the marquis, and when Jingdi was in charge, it was changed to deluge.
In the Eastern Han Dynasty, those who made great contributions to the country ate counties, while those who made small contributions ate rural pavilions, and set up a national phase, including Jia Cheng and Shu Zi. Han is still in the 20th rank of Qin Dynasty (it was renamed as Liehou in the reign of Emperor Wu), among which more than seven doctors are officials, which can make him a food city; The following seven doctors are democracy, only their body and family.
After that, his knighthood became lighter. In addition, Liang Wudi has specially appointed eleven military commanders: first-class samurai, second-class idlers, third-class good people, fourth-class divisions, fifth-class officials, sixth-class soldiers, seventh-class condemned prisoners, eighth-class Yueqing, ninth-class military commanders, tenth-class political tyrants and eleventh-class imperial guards. It is stipulated that officers and men who have rendered meritorious service and been sealed can make up for their sins, those who have rendered meritorious service and overworked, those who have rendered meritorious service and been sealed, and those who have been sealed will get practical benefits.
However, because it is stipulated that martial arts titles can be bought and sold, it is inevitable that titles will develop in the direction of light abuse. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the monopoly of the system of conquest, inspection and appointment, the right to choose officials was basically monopolized. Although level 20 still exists, its role has declined and become lighter. Except for the ranks of Liehou and Guanneihou, the rest are almost in name only.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was still in Liehou, Shanhaiguan, Xiahou 18, Guanzhong, Shanhaiguan 16 and Wufu 15, all of which were fake seals without food or rent. Third, the title of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is 1. The title of Cao Wei officially abolished the 20 th title since Qin and Han Dynasties, and implemented the system of male-dominated and female-dominated, which was followed by generations.
In the early years of Huang Dynasty, the title system was divided into nine grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, County Hou, Township Hou (after the township Hou, there was a province) and Guannei Hou. The king is unique to the royal family; .
Titles in the history of China. The title in the pre-Qin period was 1, and the ancient title was "Tongdian". Official. The title is uploaded: Huangdi: Fang Li Wan Li is a country of hundreds of miles.
Tang: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were five classes: male, female, male, male and male. Yin: Male, Hou, Bo, etc. , public thyme, Hou Qili, Bo Wuli.
Zhou: Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, etc. Male 100 Li, male 70 Li and male 50 Li. Zhou Gongju was restructured, with a big seal, 500 Li, 400 Li, 300 Li, 200 Li and 100 Li.
Mencius on Zhang Wan said: the son of heaven, a male, a Hou, an uncle, a son, a man, five capitals. Gentleman, lady, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, there are six grades.
The system of the son of heaven is thousands of miles away. Public officials are hundreds of miles, men are 70 miles, and men are 50 miles, so they are all fourth-class.
Can't be fifty miles, less than the emperor, attached to the princes. The son of heaven was regarded by the local authorities in the Qing Dynasty, the doctor was regarded by the local authorities, and Yuan was regarded as a son by the local authorities.
But the above-mentioned "title" is just a title, which is very different from the title of later generations. Except for the son of heaven, men and women are equal in status and power, but there are some differences in etiquette treatment.
Recently, there are many works in this field, which are specifically aimed at this problem. 2. Titles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Before the Warring States Period, there were actually three levels of titles in various vassal States, namely, Qing, Doctor and Scholar, and each level was divided into upper, middle and lower levels.
Countries are treated differently according to their size. For example, Zuo Zhuan said, "The two countries are above the big country, China is below the big country, and the next country is its doctor." The little guy is a high official, the big country is a low official, the middle level is a high official and the doctor is a low official. "
There are different food sealing standards. For example, in Guoyu, it is said that "the minister of a big country, the field of travel, the field of doctors, and the field of individual soldiers." "Zuo Zhuan" also has Zhao Jianzi's saying that "doctors go to the county, doctors go to the county".
During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries were generally Qing and Doctor. For example, there have been "Shangqing", "Yaqing" and "Keqing" in all countries, all of which are senior officials and will get the same income.
At the doctor level, there are doctors in Shanghai, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and five doctors. Marquis appeared in the Warring States Period, such as the Marquis of Qin, Marquis of Shanhaiguan Pass, Marquis of Chu and Marquis of other countries.
In addition to Marquis, there are princes whose fiefs are calculated by county or household, but they can only eat the rent of their fiefs, which is not independent of military and political judicial power and is not hereditary. In addition, there are some special titles in various countries, such as the title of Chu, holding silk and so on.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has appointed 20 military posts: first-class male scholar, second-class commander, third-class commander, fourth-class commander (equivalent to "scholar" or above), five doctors, six doctors, seven doctors, eight male riders, ninth-five doctors (equivalent to "doctor" or above), ten left subordinates, eleven right subordinates and twelve left watchmen. After the car, you have to eat the county (order, long), and the grain tax in the customs is in the customs. If you are over 18 years old, you will be like an official.
Anyone who captures an enemy's head will be awarded the rank of knight, and there will also be preferential treatment for Tian Zhai and service personnel. If you have a title, you can be an official, behead the first enemy armor and give it a title. If you are willing to be an official, you can be an "official of fifty stones", which means fighting for food.
Second, the title of Qin and Han dynasties destroyed the six countries, and the pure county system was implemented, and the title was still twenty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, eight opposite-sex governors were enfeoffed, but most of them were swept away soon, and a number of same-sex governors were enfeoffed in Kanto to help the people.
The early vassal States were generally large, often with several counties. There is a teacher at home who assists the king, and literature and history govern the people. Lieutenant in charge of Wu Zhi, the prime minister in charge of all officials. After the rebellion of the seven countries, it was cut again. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing, governors were forbidden to govern the country again, and the emperor appointed officials and the prime minister changed his position. The provincial imperial doctors, Tingwei, Shaofu, and doctors, doctors, worshippers, and Langguan all lost their members.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the history of the Han Dynasty to Jing Guang Yin, the lieutenant to Guang Lu Xun, and the doctor to Guang Lu Xun, so the country remained unchanged. Damage its card shark, rank 1000 stone; Change the servant to a servant, and the level is also 1000 stone.
Emperor Yangdi and the history of the first year of the province paid more attention to governing the people, such as the county magistrate and lieutenant. Later, the kingdom was just a county. After the death of the king, all the scholars could divide the land, and the land became smaller and smaller.
The Eastern Han Dynasty was a bit like the Western Han Dynasty, where the prince was king, the county was the country, and Fu, Xiang, and. The number of households in Hou (that is, the rank of 20 products) is poor, ranging from 10 thousand to five or six hundred. In the early Han Dynasty, there were 143 people who were honored for their merits.
The Hou system is equivalent to a county, with a national phase and a county order, which is controlled by the county order. There were other officials in the later dynasty, such as Jia Cheng, the bastard, the doctor under the door, the horse washer, pedestrians and so on.
The imperial capital set up a lieutenant to be in charge of the marquis, and when Jingdi was in charge, it was changed to Dahonglu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the most successful Duke of Liehou ate the county, and the youngest ate the township and pavilion, and established the national phase. Some domestic ministers, such as Jia Cheng and Shu Zi, are still subject to the 20 th rank of Qin Dynasty (changed to Liehou when Emperor Wu was emperor), among which more than seven doctors are officials, which can make them a food city; The following seven doctors are democracy, only their body and family.
After that, his knighthood became lighter. In addition, Liang Wudi has specially appointed eleven military commanders: first-class samurai, second-class idlers, third-class good people, fourth-class divisions, fifth-class officials, sixth-class soldiers, seventh-class condemned prisoners, eighth-class Yueqing, ninth-class military commanders, tenth-class political tyrants and eleventh-class imperial guards. It is stipulated that officers and men who have made meritorious deeds can make up for their official duties and atone for their sins, and those who have made outstanding contributions will be made up by big seals and small ones, so that the sealed people can get practical benefits.
However, because it is stipulated that martial arts titles can be bought and sold, it is inevitable that titles will develop in the direction of light abuse. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the system of collecting, inspecting and appointing officials, the right to choose officials was basically monopolized. Although the 20th level still exists, its role has declined and become lighter. Except for the ranks of Liehou and Guanneihou, the rest are almost in name only.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao also sealed 18 Hou, 17 Guan Hou, 16 Guan Hou and 15 Wu Fu Hou under Liehou and Guannei Hou, all of which were fake seals without food or rent. Third, the title of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is 1. The title of Cao Wei officially abolished the 20 th title since Qin and Han Dynasties, and implemented the system of male-dominated and female-dominated, which was followed by generations.
In the early years of Huang Dynasty, the title system was divided into nine grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, County Hou, Township Hou (after the township Hou, there was a province) and Guannei Hou. The king is unique to the royal family; Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi and Gong are all five royal families and heroes.
Titles in the history of China. The title in the pre-Qin period was 1, and the ancient title was "Tongdian". Official. The title is uploaded: Huangdi: Fang Li Wan Li is a country of hundreds of miles.
Tang: After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), there were five classes: male, female, male, male and male. Yin: Male, Hou, Bo, etc. , public thyme, Hou Qili, Bo Wuli.
Zhou: Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, etc. Male 100 Li, male 70 Li and male 50 Li. Zhou Gongju was restructured, with a big seal, 500 Li, 400 Li, 300 Li, 200 Li and 100 Li.
Mencius on Zhang Wan said: the son of heaven, a male, a Hou, an uncle, a son, a man, five capitals. Gentleman, lady, doctor, staff sergeant, sergeant, corporal, there are six grades.
The system of the son of heaven is thousands of miles away. Public officials are hundreds of miles, men are 70 miles, and men are 50 miles, so they are all fourth-class.
Can't be fifty miles, less than the emperor, attached to the princes. The son of heaven was regarded by the local authorities in the Qing Dynasty, the doctor was regarded by the local authorities, and Yuan was regarded as a son by the local authorities.
But the above-mentioned "title" is just a title, which is very different from the title of later generations. Except for the son of heaven, men and women are equal in status and power, but there are some differences in etiquette treatment.
Recently, there are many works in this field, which are specifically aimed at this problem. 2. Titles in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period Before the Warring States Period, there were actually three levels of titles in various vassal States, namely, Qing, Doctor and Scholar, and each level was divided into upper, middle and lower levels.
Countries treat them differently according to their size. For example, Zuo Zhuan said, "The two countries are above the big country, China is below the big country, and the next country is its doctor." The little guy is a high official, the big country is a low official, the middle level is a high official and the doctor is a low official. "
There are different food sealing standards. For example, in Guoyu, it is said that "the minister of a big country, the field of travel, the field of doctors, and the field of individual soldiers." "Zuo Zhuan" also has Zhao Jianzi's saying that "doctors go to the county, doctors go to the county".
During the Warring States period, the titles of various countries were generally Qing and Doctor. For example, there have been "Shangqing", "Yaqing" and "Keqing" in all countries, all of which are senior officials and will get the same income.
At the doctor level, there are doctors in Shanghai, Chinese medicine, Chinese medicine and five doctors. Marquis appeared in the Warring States Period, such as the Marquis of Qin, Marquis of Shanhaiguan Pass, Marquis of Chu and Marquis of other countries.
In addition to Marquis, there are princes whose fiefs are calculated by county or household, but they can only eat the rent of their fiefs, which is not independent of military and political judicial power and is not hereditary. In addition, there are some special titles in various countries, such as the title of Chu, holding silk and so on.
Since Shang Yang's political reform, Qin has appointed 20 military posts: first-class male scholar, second-class commander, third-class commander, fourth-class commander (equivalent to "scholar" or above), five doctors, six doctors, seven doctors, eight male riders, ninth-five doctors (equivalent to "doctor" or above), ten left subordinates, eleven right subordinates and twelve left watchmen. After the car, you have to eat the county (order, long), and the grain tax in the customs is in the customs. If you are over 18 years old, you will be like an official.
Anyone who captures an enemy's head will be awarded the rank of knight, and there will also be preferential treatment for Tian Zhai and service personnel. If you have a title, you can be an official, behead the first enemy armor and give it a title. If you are willing to be an official, you can be an "official of fifty stones", which means fighting for food.
Second, the title of Qin and Han dynasties destroyed the six countries, and the pure county system was implemented, and the title was still twenty. In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, eight opposite-sex governors were enfeoffed, but most of them were swept away soon, and a number of same-sex governors were enfeoffed in Kanto to help the people.
The early vassal States were generally large, often with several counties. There is a teacher at home who assists the king, and literature and history govern the people. The lieutenant is in charge of martial arts, the prime minister is in charge of officials, and officials are like the Han Dynasty. After the rebellion of the seven countries, it was cut again. In the fifth year of Emperor Jing, governors were forbidden to govern the country again, and the emperor appointed officials and the prime minister changed his position. The provincial imperial doctors, Tingwei, Shaofu, and doctors, doctors, worshippers, and Langguan all lost their members.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the history of the Han Dynasty to Jing Guang Yin, the lieutenant to Guang Lu Xun, and the doctor to Guang Lu Xun, so the country remained unchanged. Damage its card shark, rank 1000 stone; Change the servant to a servant, and the level is also 1000 stone.
Emperor Yangdi and the history of the first year of the province paid more attention to governing the people, such as the county magistrate and lieutenant. Later, the kingdom was just a county. After the death of the king, all the scholars could divide the land, and the land became smaller and smaller.
The Eastern Han Dynasty was a bit like the Western Han Dynasty, where the prince was king, the county was the country, and Fu, Xiang, and. The number of households in Hou (that is, the rank of 20 products) is poor, ranging from 10 thousand to five or six hundred. In the early Han Dynasty, there were 143 people who were honored for their merits.
The Hou system is equivalent to a county, with a national phase and a county order, which is controlled by the county order. There were other officials in the later dynasty, such as Jia Cheng, the bastard, the doctor under the door, the horse washer, pedestrians and so on.
The imperial capital set up a lieutenant to be in charge of the marquis, and when Jingdi was in charge, it was changed to Dahonglu. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the most successful Duke of Liehou ate the county, and the youngest ate the township and pavilion, and established the national phase. Some domestic ministers, such as Jia Cheng and Shu Zi, are still subject to the 20 th rank of Qin Dynasty (changed to Liehou when Emperor Wu was emperor), among which more than seven doctors are officials, which can make them a food city; The following seven doctors are democracy, only their body and family.
After that, his knighthood became lighter. In addition, Liang Wudi has specially appointed eleven military commanders: first-class samurai, second-class idlers, third-class good people, fourth-class divisions, fifth-class officials, sixth-class soldiers, seventh-class condemned prisoners, eighth-class Yueqing, ninth-class military commanders, tenth-class political tyrants and eleventh-class imperial guards. It is stipulated that officers and men who have made meritorious deeds can make up for their official duties and atone for their sins, and those who have made outstanding contributions will be made up by big seals and small ones, so that the sealed people can get practical benefits.
However, because it is stipulated that martial arts titles can be bought and sold, it is inevitable that titles will develop in the direction of light abuse. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, due to the system of collecting, inspecting and appointing officials, the right to choose officials was basically monopolized. Although the 20th level still exists, its role has declined and become lighter. Except for the ranks of Liehou and Guanneihou, the rest are almost in name only.
At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cao Cao was still in Liehou, Shanhaiguan, Xiahou 18, Guanzhong, Shanhaiguan 16 and Wufu 15, all of which were fake seals without food or rent. Third, the title of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is 1. The title of Cao Wei officially abolished the 20 th title since Qin and Han Dynasties, and implemented the system of male-dominated and female-dominated, which was followed by generations.
In the early years of Huang Dynasty, the title system was divided into nine grades: Wang, Gong, Hou, Bo, Zi, Gong, County Hou, Township Hou (after the township Hou, there was a province) and Guannei Hou. The king is unique to the royal family; Male, Hou, Bo, Zi, Male, and other five royal families have heroes.
In ancient China, the size of titles in different periods was arranged. In China, there are also male, female, male and male appellations.
The Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and the emperor was king. The titles of monarchs in different enfeoffment countries were different, but they all exceeded in the later period, such as Qi Huangong (Earl) and Ying Zheng, King of Qin. During the Warring States Period, after Shang Yang's political reform, the State of Qin abolished the royal title and established the system of 20 th rank title to reward meritorious deeds (mainly military achievements).
From the highest 20 to the lowest one, the order is: Chehou, Guannei Hou, Da Shu Chang, Zhu Shu Chang, Da Shang Zao, Shao Shang Zao, You Shu Chang, Zhong Geng, Zuo Geng, You Shu Chang, Wu Fu, Gong Cheng, Gong Fu, Guan Fu, Doctor, Bu Geng, Bang Geng □ Later generations did not implement the system of enfeoffment, but there were also titles management.
The Sui Dynasty established Li Yuan as the Duke of Tang Dynasty. After the founding of the Tang Dynasty, Shi Mi was hereditary, but he was a Duke of Pu. These titles are both hereditary and non-hereditary, which are very complicated and different from dynasty to dynasty.
But China is the supremacy of imperial power, so it is easy to lose the title, and imperial power also means killing. The management of titles in Qing Dynasty is very distinctive, and it can be divided into iron hat Wang Ye (hereditary and not demoted) and ordinary titles.
Ordinary titles are also hereditary but downgraded. After the Western Han Dynasty, the highest title was king, all of which were awarded to princes.
After the Western Jin Dynasty, the royal title merged with the heroic title, but the highest-ranking king and prince were only given to the royal family. In the Ming dynasty, the title of general and lieutenant of Zhenguo was added to the title.
The titles of the royal family in Qing dynasty were divided into fourteen grades, among which Baylor and Beizi were transliteration of Manchu "born in nobility".
What are the differences and connections between official positions and titles in the history of China? In contrast, it is a basic principle that which is bigger can be awarded the position and the title can have boundless merits. Official posts are all talents selected through the imperial examination, and different official posts are awarded according to management ability, and their rise and fall are decided according to regular assessment. Titles are determined by contributions, such as contributions to the founding of the country, contributions to the savior and so on. Some titles can be inherited. Some can't. Most of the prime ministers with big official positions have high titles, and most of them have no titles. They can only participate in governing the country and cannot get rewards. Most of them have high titles, but they may not be able to participate in governing the country, such as the iron hat king in the early Qing Dynasty, but they can only get rewards and cannot participate in politics. No one is good or bad, but if the title comes to Wang, Gong and Hou, the status will be very important. Zeng Guofan in the late Qing Dynasty was.
In the history of China, the rank, rank and rank, that is, titles and titles, were conferred by the ancient emperors on nobles and heroes. According to the old saying, there were five titles in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, public title, Hou title, Bo title, sub-title and male title, and the title system of later generations often varied from time to time. For example, in the early Han Dynasty, Prince Liu Bangli was the king, and the seven chivalrous men were the king, among which Peng Yue was Liang Wang and Ying Bu was the king of Huainan. Wei was named King Chen; Don Guo Ziyi was named Guo Ziyi; Nuerhachi, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty, made his son Azig the Prince of England, Tudor the Prince of Yu and Haug the Prince of Su. For another example, in Song Dynasty, Kou Zhun sealed Lai Guogong, Wang Anshi sealed Jing Guogong, and Sima Guang was Wen Guogong; In Ming Dynasty, Li Shanchang named Han Gong, Li Wenzhong named Cao Guogong, Liu Ji named Chengbo, and Wang Yangming named Xinbo. In the Qing Dynasty, Zeng Guofan sealed the first-class Yi, left the second-class Hou and Li Hongzhang sealed the first-class Su Yibo.
The prime minister is the highest official position in the feudal bureaucracy, and he is the person who manages state affairs according to the will of the monarch. Sometimes called, often called the Prime Minister, or "Xiang" for short. For example, The Chen She Family: "Governors will be better." "Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru": "And mediocrity is still shameful, and the situation is almost the same! "Shuxiang:" Where is the famous Prime Minister's Temple, in the Silk City near a deep pine forest. " The China Journal <; Preface to the Guide to the Southern Tour: "Except for the right prime minister and the envoys of the Tang Dynasty, all the other armies are under my control. "
One surname refers to two official positions. First, in ancient times, a surname, a teacher and a Taibao were called "three publics". Later, most of them were appointed as big officials, indicating that they were not favored by real jobs. For example, Zhao Pu and Wen Yanbo in the Song Dynasty were given titles by their surnames. Secondly, in ancient times, it was also called Prince Taishi, Prince Taifu and Prince Taibao as the "Three Divisions of the East Palace", all of whom were the teachers of the Prince. Taishi is the abbreviation of Taishi Prince, and later it gradually became a virtual title. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, Yan Zhenqing was once given the title of Prince, so he called it. Another example is that in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang had eight virtual titles, and finally he added the title of Prince Taishi. In the Qing Dynasty, Hong Chengchou was also named the Prince Taishi, but he didn't actually give lectures to the Prince.
Teacher, please refer to "teacher". One of the ancient "three fairs". It also refers to one of the "three divisions of the East Palace". For example, Jia Yi used to be the teacher of Prince Changsha and Liang, so he was named a teacher. Later, it gradually became a virtual title. For example, Zeng Guofan, Zuo Zuo and Li Hongzhang were all forced to give gifts after the teacher died.
Shaobao refers to two kinds of official positions. First, Shao Shi, Shaofu and Shaobao were called "three orphans" in ancient times, and then they gradually became empty names. For example, in Plum Blossom Ridge, "Wen Shaobao also learned to shed cicadas because he realized the great light", and Wen Tianxiang was once an official of Shaobao, so he called it. Secondly, in ancient times, Prince Shao Shi, Prince Shaofu, and Prince Shaobao were called "East Palace and Three Little" and gradually became a hollow name.
Shangshu was originally an official in charge of the memorial. There were no six in the early Sui Dynasty. In the Tang Dynasty, six departments were designated as officials, households, rituals, soldiers, criminals and workers, and ministers and assistant ministers were the chief officials of each department. For example, "Zhang Hengchuan": "Write a letter begging for bones and worship the ministers." For another example, Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, is an official minister, Bai Juyi, a poet, is an official minister, and Shi Kefa is an official minister.
Bachelor's degree was the official position in charge of etiquette department and editing in Wei and Jin Dynasties. After the Tang Dynasty, he referred to Hanlin as a bachelor, became the emperor's secretary and adviser, and participated in confidential affairs, so he was called "the inner phase". During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, although he was also a bachelor of Hanlin, he was responsible for reading, giving lectures, editing and editing Jishi Shu, but his status and responsibilities were different from those in the Tang and Song Dynasties. For example, "Preface to the South Guide" is a bachelor's degree in the Prime Minister's Hall and an official position granted by Wen Tianxiang after he resigned as prime minister; "Tan Sitong" "You recommended Jing to be a bachelor, Xu Gong", Xu Zhijing was a bachelor of imperial academy at that time, and imperial academy was an official position dedicated to giving lectures to the emperor. Bai Juyi, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Sima Guang, Shen Kuo and Song Lian. They are all academicians of Hanlin.
In the official system of the Zhou Dynasty in Shang Qing, both the emperor and the vassal had Qing, which was divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower, and the most distinguished one was called "Shang Qing". For example, Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru: "Lian Po is General Zhao ... and worships Shangqing."
General) is the highest title of general in pre-Qin and western Han dynasties. For example, Emperor Gaozu took Han Xin as the general, and Emperor Wudi took Wei Qing as the general. After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, it gradually became a virtual title without a real position. The position of general was established during the Ming and Qing wars and abolished after the war. "Zhang Hengchuan" said that "General Deng Zhi is wise", and Deng Zhi was the general of Han and Emperor at that time.
Participation in politics is also called "participation in politics". He was one of the highest government officials in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and was called "Zaizhi" with Tongping, Tang and Bianmi. Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu and Wang Anshi all held this position in the Song Dynasty. The word "Lu Gong" in "Diligence and Fitness" refers to Lu Zongdao in Song Zhenzong. "Tan Sitong" "Those who participated in the New Deal were better than those who participated in politics in Tang and Song Dynasties, and they were actually prime ministers".
The military department, the minister of military affairs, was the administrative agency that assisted the emperor in the Qing Dynasty. There is no fixed number of incumbents, usually princes, university students, ministers, assistant ministers or Beijing Hall, and they are called military ministers. Military ministers range from three or four to six or seven, and are called "pivot ministers". In the late Qing Dynasty, only Zuo, Zhang Zhidong and Yuan Shikai served as military and political ministers for a short time. "Tan Sitong", "The Minister of Military Aircraft is resolute and effective, and he is well supervised".
For Zhang Jing of military aircraft, see the article "Minister of Military Aircraft". He is an official of the military department and a subordinate of the military minister. He is called a "small military plane". Tan Sitong: "The emperor surpassed Si Jingqing in the title of military aircraft Zhang Jing, and joined Yang Rui, Xu Lin and Liu Guangdi in the New Deal."