Czech science fiction writer Caller Chapei created the fantasy drama of Lausanne Universal Robotics Company at 1920, in which the protagonist ROBOTO is a loyal and hardworking robot. After the play was staged, it was a sensation, and Robert's name became synonymous with robots. Now the international name of the robot is "ROBOTO".
Robot small data
2003- 10- 19
In recent decades, the "ancestor" of robots appeared in China, and the first industrial robot appeared in the world. However, people's fantasy and pursuit of robots has a history of more than 3000 years. Man hopes to make a machine like man to do all kinds of work instead of man. China people are pioneers in inventing and manufacturing robots. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yan, a skilled craftsman in China, developed a performer who could sing and dance-the earliest recorded robot in China. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Luban, a famous carpenter in China, was also a mechanical inventor. Mohist books say that he once made a wooden bird that could fly in the air for "three days". During the Three Kingdoms period, Ma Jun designed a puppet toy called "Water changes into a hundred plays". He used water power to turn the wooden wheel, and all the wooden figures on the wheel moved together. Some beat drums and play flutes, some sing and dance, some climb ropes and stand upside down, some grind rice and flour, and juggle cockfighting. They are exquisitely designed, beautifully shaped, lifelike, varied and spectacular. Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, successfully made "Liu Ma the Cow" and used it to transport rations to support the war ahead. It is said that its principle is still a mystery. If the above records are legendary, then the south-pointing car invented in the Han Dynasty, which uses the gear orientation mechanism to make the right hand of the person on the car always point to the south, can be considered as the earliest robot in the world that has been proved so far. This is more than a thousand years earlier than the time-telling robot invented in Europe. Therefore, it is not shameful that the "ancestor" of robots is in China.
◆ Robots will not enter the home for a long time. If robots began to serve human computing in droves in the mid-1960s, the development of robots is now close to the "year of standing". However, it should be admitted that the current situation is still far from the ideal requirements. Scientists believe that according to today's requirements, a real robot must have certain reaction ability and adaptability, and gradually move closer to the human way of thinking, which should be another rule for developing robots in the future. At the end of the 20th century, computers had successfully occupied enterprises before entering the family. Robots may go the same way: they should not be confined to factories, but should enter the home. In fact, this situation is just around the corner. The American "Smoker" magazine conducted a survey on 65,438+0,000 Americans, asking them what kind of robots they hope to have in their families in the next five years. The answer is vacuum robots and game partners. Quite a few people think that humanoid robots should be developed to accompany human beings. In fact, manufacturers in some countries are developing vacuum robots. The time and price for this robot to enter the market are unknown, but people already know that it will be equipped with microprocessor and acoustic positioning instrument. It can find the nearest wall and circle around the room, instead of repeatedly passing through the same place to vacuum, it will unhurriedly handle obstacles and pass through protruding places such as wires or telephone lines. According to the survey report of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, domestic robots are likely to become the most important market in 2 1 century. The report estimates that 600,000 vacuum cleaning robots will be sold between now and 2005.
Artificial intelligence is the development trend of robots. When isaac asimov wrote the classic science fiction novel I am a Robot, it was half a century before the new millennium. Nowadays, in the real world, all kinds of robots with "practical spirit" are working in all walks of life: they explore distant planets, help doctors complete accurate operations and judge the preparation position of mines. Laboratories all over the world are also actively studying all parts of robots: walking feet and knees, grasping hands, different eyes and ears ... Although the research on artificial intelligence has been going on for decades, the progress in this area is far behind the research on robot motion function. To this end, scientists at MIT are looking for answers from children. A child is essentially a learning machine. Although no one can tell how they did it, it obviously involves a lot of imitation and interaction and a lot of trial and error. If robots want to have human-like intelligence, they may have to develop their own intelligence like children. Many robotics experts are devoted to developing useful machines, while others are more interested in what robots can tell us about human beings. Ma Ya mataric, a computer scientist and robotics expert at the University of Southern California, said: "Robots provide us with a research platform." For example, there is nothing better than creating a simulated baby to tell you how the baby was created. If we can learn, remember and create intelligence, will machine "consciousness" be far behind? Of course it's not far. The future trend of robots is definitely artificial intelligence in China.
Ancient robot
The emergence of the word robot and the world's first industrial robot are both things in recent decades. However, people's fantasy and pursuit of robots has a history of more than 3000 years. Man hopes to make a machine like man to do all kinds of work instead of man.
During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Yan, a skilled craftsman in China, developed a performer who could sing and dance, which was the earliest recorded robot in China.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Luban, a famous carpenter in China, was also a mechanical inventor. The Mohist book says that he once made a wooden bird, which could fly in the air for "three days", reflecting the wisdom of our working people.
In the 2nd century BC, the ancient Greeks invented the most primitive robot-automatic robot in Alexandria. This is a moving statue driven by water, air and steam pressure. It can open the door by itself and sing with the help of steam.
1800 years ago in the Han Dynasty, Zhang Heng, a great scientist, not only invented the seismograph, but also invented the drum car in Miri. In the plan, the drum car is one mile per line, and the car Woodenhead drums, and the clock strikes ten miles per line.
During the post-Han Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, successfully created the "wooden ox and flowing horse" and used it to transport rations to support the war ahead.
1662, takeda kone invented the automatic robot doll by using the clock technology, and performed it in Dotonbori, Osaka.
1738, a talented French technician, Jack Day Waxon, invented a robot duck, which quacks, swims, drinks, eats and excretes. Watson's original intention was to mechanize the function of living things and carry out medical analysis.
Among the automatic dolls at that time, the most outstanding ones were Swiss watchmaker Jack dolores and his son Leigh Louis dolores. From 65438 to 0773, they successively introduced automatic writing dolls and automatic playing dolls. The automatic dolls they created were made by using the principle of gears and clockwork. Some of them draw with brushes and colors, while others write with goose feathers dipped in ink. They are exquisite in structure and gorgeous in clothing, which are popular in Europe. Due to the limitation of technical conditions at that time, these dolls were actually giant toys with a height of one meter. The earliest preserved robot is the girl doll in the Swiss Nu Shatir History Museum. It was made 200 years ago. Ten fingers of two hands can press the keys of the organ to play music, and now it is played regularly for tourists to enjoy, showing the wisdom of the ancients.
/kloc-In the mid-9th century, automatic dolls were divided into two schools: science fiction school and mechanical production school, each of which found its own position in literature, art and modern science and technology. 183 1 year, Goethe published Faust, and created the artificial man "Helmon Cruz"; 1870, Hoffman published gabriela, a work featuring automatic dolls; Collodi's Pinocchio 1883; Eve in the Future was published in 1886. In the manufacture of mechanical objects, in 1893, Moore created the "Steam Man", who moved his legs in circles by steam.
Since the 20th century, more and more people have paid attention to and supported the research and development of robots, and some applicable robots have come out one after another. 1927, Winzley, an engineer from Westinghouse, made the first robot "telegraph box" and exhibited it at the World Expo in new york. It is an electric robot with a radio transmitter. It can answer some questions, but the robot can't walk. 1959 the first industrial robot (programmable, circular coordinates) was born in the United States, which opened a new era of robot development.
modern robots
The research of modern robots began in the mid-20th century, and its technical background is the development of computers and automation, as well as the development and utilization of atomic energy.
Since the first digital electronic computer came out in 1946, the computer has made amazing progress and developed towards high speed, large capacity and low price.
The urgent need of mass production has promoted the progress of automation technology, and one of the achievements is the birth of 1952 CNC machine tool. The research on control and mechanical parts related to CNC machine tools laid the foundation for the development of robots.
On the other hand, the harsh environment of the atomic energy laboratory needs some operating machinery to deal with radioactive substances instead of people. Under this demand background, the argon research institute of the American Atomic Energy Commission developed a remote manipulator in 1947 and a mechanical master-slave manipulator in 1948.
1954, American Deval first put forward the concept of industrial robot and applied for a patent. The main point of this patent is to control the joints of the robot with the help of servo technology, and teach the robot with hands, so that the robot can record and reproduce actions. This is the so-called teaching and reproducing robot. Almost all existing robots adopt this control method.
The earliest practical models (teaching reappearance) as robot products are "VERSTRAN" introduced by AMF Company of the United States in 1962 and "Unite" introduced by UNIMATION Company of the United States. The control mode of these industrial robots is similar to that of CNC machine tools, but their appearance characteristics are quite different, mainly composed of humanoid hands and arms.
1965, Roborts of MIT demonstrated the first robot system with visual sensor, which can identify and locate simple building blocks.
1967, Japan established the prosthetic hand research society (now renamed the bionic machinery research society), and in the same year, the first robot society in Japan was held.
1970 the first international conference on industrial robots was held in the United States. After 1970, the research on robots has been rapidly and widely popularized.
1973, Richard Horn of Milla Clone Company in Cincinnati made the first industrial robot controlled by a small computer. It is hydraulically driven and can lift up to 45 kilograms of payload.
It was not until 1980 that industrial robots really became popular in Japan, so it was called "the first year of robots".
Subsequently, industrial robots have been greatly developed in Japan, and Japan has won the reputation of "robot kingdom".
With the rapid development of computer technology and artificial intelligence technology, the function and technology of robots have been greatly improved, and the vision and tactile technology of mobile robots and robots are typical representatives. Due to the development of these technologies, the concept of robot has been expanded. In 1980s, the system with the ability of feeling, thinking, decision-making and action was called intelligent robot, which is a general and extensive concept. This concept not only guides the research and application of robotics, but also gives robotics a huge space for development in depth and breadth. Underwater robots, space robots, aerial robots, ground robots, micro-robots and other robots with various purposes have come out one after another, and many dreams have been realized. Robot technology (such as sensing technology, intelligent technology, control technology, etc. ) Diffused and infiltrated into various fields, forming all kinds of new machines-robot machines. At present, the interaction and integration with information technology have produced the names of "software robot" and "network robot", which also shows the innovative vitality of robots.