2 Quad division: it is a common classification of ancient books. This classification takes Confucian classics as the first category. In individual works of past dynasties, Confucius and Mencius entered the classics department, other pre-Qin philosophers entered the sub-department, and later generations generally entered the collection department. Although this classification is not scientific, it is a historical relic after all, and there is nothing wrong with it. We don't use this classification today.
3 Canon: Also known as Canon, Canon History Book, centering on Canon, records the canon system of past dynasties and its gains and losses due to reform. It is characterized by classification and was once called a classification book. Canon history books are separated from biographical history books and developed into an independent genre.
The first influential canon in China's ancient historiography was the General Canon, which was written by historians in the Tang Dynasty (there was a political canon written by Liu Zhiji, the son of Liu Zhiji, and Du You's General Canon was expanded on this basis, so its book was replaced by the General Canon, but it did not spread to the world. ), a total of 200 volumes, divided into food, election, official, ceremony, music, military, criminal, state and county, border defense, nine doors, there are subtitles under the door, and there are details under the subtitle. The contents of the book are collected from the history of the Five Classics, from the Yellow Emperor to the end of Tianbao in the Tang Dynasty.
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Ma Duanlin wrote A General Examination of Documents, with a total of 348 volumes, which was more than that of General Code. General Canon and General Examination of Documents are both general histories of canon system, and later generations and General Records are collectively called "three links".
4 Notebook: Event-centered historical genre, which arranges and combines the recorded contents into one or several historical events. Each historical event is written in a separate article, marked with a corresponding title, and recorded in chronological order.
5 "Spring and Autumn Calligraphy": Also known as the art of using language, it is a writing method initiated by Confucius. Refers to the tortuous writing of praise and depreciation. The Spring and Autumn Annals compiled by Confucius implied the meaning of praise and criticism when describing history. Although he did not directly expound his views on people and things, he skillfully and skillfully expressed the author's subjective views through detailed description, rhetoric and material selection.
6 Shangshu: It is one of the Confucian classics. Originally known as "Book", it was renamed "Shangshu" in the Han Dynasty, meaning the book of the previous generation. This is the compilation of the first ancient historical document and some works tracing back to ancient deeds in China, and it preserves some important historical materials of Shang and Zhou Dynasties, especially the early Western Zhou Dynasty. According to legend, Shangshu was compiled by Confucius, but some articles were later added by Confucianism. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, there were 28 articles, which were copied in the popular official script of the Han Dynasty, and were called Jinwen Shangshu. According to another legend, ancient history (only a few lost articles) and pseudo-ancient history presented by Meilian in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (more than modern history books 16) were found in the wall of Confucius' residence during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. According to the traditional style, it is divided into six parts: code, ink, instruction, patent, oath and destiny. The important contents are: first, respecting the ancestors of heaven, and second, fighting against disobedience. Most chapters are quaint and simple. Shangshu has left precious materials for us to study the slave social history in the late primitive society and the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties. Its historical value is 1, and it has six styles, which is the origin of China ancient proclamations, meeting minutes and other applied styles. But also opened the precedent of our ancient prose. 2. A large number of archaic words are preserved, which reflects the language characteristics of the Yin and Shang Dynasties. 3. Shangshu provides research materials for the study of Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou.
7 "Spring and Autumn Annals": According to legend, Confucius' revision focused on notes. What we are seeing now is Lu Nianpu in the pre-Qin period, which records the major events in the Spring and Autumn Period in chronological order, with a history of 242 years from Lu Yinnian to fourteen years. It has a great influence on later prose.
8 "Mandarin": A compilation of historical materials of the national sports system in the Spring and Autumn Period. Old Biography was written by Zuo Qiuming in the Spring and Autumn Period, with a total volume of 2 1. Classification by country, mainly by language. It is divided into eight parts: Zhou Yu, Lu Yu, Chyi Yu, Yu Jin, Zheng Yu, Chu Yu, Wu Yu and Yu Yue. Today is the most important, focusing on the rise and fall of Qi, Jin and Chu wuyue's hegemony. Jin dominated the Central Plains and was finally defeated by the Three Kingdoms. The book started in Zhou Muwang and ended in Lu Daogong, mainly describing the speeches of nobles from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period. Because its content can be referenced with Zuo Zhuan, it is called Chunqiu Zhuan.
9 Zuo Zhuan: It is a chronological historical work in ancient China. Legend has it that Zuo Zhuan was written by Zuo Qiuming, a historian at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. It is also called "Three Biographies of Spring and Autumn" with Biography of Ram and Biography of Gu Liang. Based on the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zuo Zhuan illustrates the outline of Spring and Autumn Annals by describing the specific historical facts in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan represents the highest achievement of pre-Qin historiography, is an important document to study pre-Qin history and Spring and Autumn history, and has a great influence on later historiography, especially on establishing the status of chronological history books. Moreover, due to its strong Confucian tendency, Zuo Zhuan mainly recorded the decline of the Zhou royal family and the history of the hegemony of princes, and recorded and commented on various etiquette norms, laws and regulations, social customs, ethnic relations, moral concepts, astronomy and geography, calendar seasons, ancient documents, myths and legends, and ballads. Zuo Zhuan is not only a historical work, but also an excellent literary work. It is an important historical material for studying pre-Qin Confucianism.
10 The Warring States Policy: A compilation of historical materials of lobbyists' lobbying discourse during the Warring States Period. The Warring States Policy mainly describes the political opinions and strategies of strategists during the Warring States Period. The author of the Warring States Policy has not yet been determined. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Liu Xiang found six kinds of written books recording strategists in the royal library, so Liu Xiang compiled the Warring States Policy according to the country. Because most of his books recorded the political opinions and diplomatic strategies of strategists assisting other countries during the Warring States period, Liu Xiang named this book "Warring States Policy". It shows the historical features and social features of the Warring States period and is an important historical material for studying the history of the Warring States period.