Address is a cultural phenomenon. From the name of an era, we can get a glimpse of the style of an era. The address is also a mirror. The change of address is a change of culture, and it is also a reflection of history and culture.

The appellation of China people is essentially a history of the development of China culture, which contains the precipitation and changes of the long cultural history of the Chinese nation. The appellation of China people is a reflection of patriarchal clan system, customs, rank, status and reputation. And the elders, the younger generation, and the superiors and subordinates have their own names, which no one can surpass. From the appellation, we can see that China people attach importance to the patriarchal etiquette system, respect for the old and love for the young, and the expression of official positions and imperial examinations. Throughout the ages, China people's address not only reflects people's concept of success, but also reflects a "humble spirit" of "inferiority", which is bound to be reflected in people's language and address.

1, clan appellation

Ancestors:

The earliest ancestors were called ancestors. Later emperors generally took their known ancestors as their ancestors, such as Nuo ancestors in the Song Dynasty. Later generations, when compiling writers' genealogies and biographies, often like to cling to ancient celebrities and regard them as ancestors. For example, Cao Cao, Cao Zhi and Cao Rui called Cao Zhenduo, Ji surname and Yu Shun the ancestors of Cao Shi family respectively.

Mao:

The first monarch, the founder of the dynasty, was Mao. For example, Cao Cao was Mao of Wei State, Li Yuan of Tang Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang of Song Dynasty, Nurhachi of Qing Dynasty. Mao used to be the founding king, so his ancestral hall never moved.

Ancestors:

It is a courtesy title for ancestors and former generations who have rendered meritorious service. Starting from the Han Dynasty in China, after the death of the monarch who started a business, their temple names were all ancestors, such as Liu Bang as Mao, Tang Yuan as Mao, and so on. After the death of emperors with merits, their temple names are called Zong, such as those in Han Dynasty and Tang Dynasty.

Children, Taizong, Xiaozong: According to the ancient patriarchal clan system, the lineal lineage of the same ancestor is big, and the other children are small.

Zongzi:

The eldest son with big head is called Zongzi. For bulk, he is a parent; For Xiaozong, he is the patriarch, and the eldest son inherits the title of ancestor and presides over the ancestral temple.

Shizi: Shizi is also a prince. In ancient times, "Shi" and "Tai" had the same meaning.

Zhi Zi: In ancient times, sons other than the eldest son were called Zhi Zi.

Di Zi:

In ancient times, the son born to his wife was called the eldest son. At the same time, it also corrected the eldest son born to his wife. Di Zi has the right to inherit his father's status, and his social status is far higher than that of an illegitimate child.

Biezi: In ancient times, all sons were called Biezi except the eldest son of a vassal.

Asshole:

In ancient times, the son born to a concubine was called an illegitimate child, whose status was lower than that of the eldest son, and he could not inherit the sacrificial ceremony of the ancestral temple and the status of father and ancestor.

Heir:

No children, treat other people's sons as sons, are heirs. Once recognized by etiquette, the status of adopted son is equivalent to that of parent-child. In ancient times, there were clear rules on the issue of heirs. First of all, they must have the same surname. Second, it must be the same clan of Zhi Zi. Third, seniority must be equal.

Childe:

A son other than the eldest son of a vassal is called a son. In addition, the daughter of a vassal can also be called a son.

Check:

Parents are also called test children. Later, it refers to dead parents, that is, dead parents.

Stepfather:

After the death of the biological father, the husband whose mother remarries is called the stepfather.

Eight mothers:

Eight mothers with different identities are the first mother, stepmother, foster mother, loving mother, married mother, mother-in-law, common mother and wet mother.

The first mother:

My children call my father's wife the first mother. For the first mother, the service period is three years.

Stepmother:

Father's stepmother is called stepmother, and for stepmother, Cui Zi has served for three years.

Foster mother:

An adopted son calls his adopted mother an adopted mother. Taking care of the foster mother is three years.

Motherhood: a son born to a concubine. After his mother died, his father asked another concubine to raise him. This concubine is the mother of this son.

Marry your mother:

A mother who remarries after her father dies is called a married mother. Take Cui Zi's staff to marry his mother.

Mother:

A biological mother abandoned by her father is called a mother. Give Cui Zi's cane to his mother.

Mother:

My father's concubine is called my mother. A scholar suits a vulgar mother with hemp.

Nurse:

Among the father's concubines, those who breast-feed themselves all call her a wet nurse. Get the wet nurse marijuana.

Jiuzu:

There are different opinions about what Jiuzu refers to. Say grandfather's uncle, down to the great-grandson, that is, great-grandson, grandson, son, self, biological father, grandfather, great-grandfather, great-grandfather; Speaking of patrilineal clan 4, matriarchal clan 3, wife clan 2, patrilineal clan 4 is: aunt's son (aunt's child), sister's son (nephew), daughter's son (grandson) and his own kin (parents, brothers, sisters and sons); There are three people in the mother's family: mother's father (grandfather), mother's mother (grandmother) and slave's mother (uncle); The second wife is father-in-law and mother-in-law.

2, kinship terms

In ancient times, all people of the same surname and opposite sex were called relatives. The specific title is as follows:

Great-grandfather (mother): Great-grandfather's father (mother).

Great-grandfather (mother): the father (mother) of the ancestor.

Grandfather (mother): Father's father (mother).

Parents: father, mother.

Himself: my own generation.

Son: Son.

Sun: The grandson's son.

Great-grandson: the son of a grandson.

Great-grandson: The son of great-grandson.

Lai Sun: The son of great-great-grandson. (The lower V refers to starting from the standard and setting up grandchildren under the master. )

Father (uncle): Father's brother.

Uncle: My father's brother.

Mother (aunt): My father's wife.

Aunt: Uncle's wife.

Aunt: My father's sister.

Uncle: My aunt's husband.

Grandfather: My father's uncle.

Grandmothers (uncles and grandmothers): my father's aunts and uncles.

From grandfather (uncle, uncle): from my father's brother.

From grandmother (aunt, aunt): from grandfather's wife.

Great-grandfather (great-grandfather): Grandfather's uncle.

Grandmother: Grandfather's uncle's wife.

Grandfather: the son of the great-grandfather of the clan.

Clan father: the son of clan grandfather.

Tribal brother: the son of a tribal father.

Sister-in-law: My brother's wife.

Sister-in-law: My brother's daughter.

Zi Cong (nephew): Brother's son.

Daughter (niece): Brother's daughter.

Grandson: Brother's grandson.

Nephew: Sister's son.

Private: Sister's husband.

Son-in-law: A woman's husband.

Middle cousin: the child of the father's sister.

Grandfather: Mother's father.

Grandmother (Queen Mother): Mother's mother.

Grandfather: My grandfather's father.

Grandma: My grandfather's mother.

Uncle: Mom's brother.

Aunt (Zhang Zi): My uncle's wife.

From mother (aunt, aunt): mother's sister.

Uncle: My aunt's husband.

Middle table (menstruation table): menstruation's children.

Uncle Nu: Mother's slave brother.

Brother from mother, sister from mother (cousin, cousin): the child of mother's brother and sister.

My uncle (father-in-law, Zhang Yue, mother-in-law, Mount Tai, Yue Weng): my wife's father.

Waigu (mother-in-law, mother-in-law, Taishui): the wife's mother.

Aunt (son): My wife's sister.

Wife and nephew: the son of the wife's brother.

Uncle: The husband's father.

Menstruation: Her husband's mother.

Aunt: the husband's parents (commonly known as in-laws).

Uncle (uncle, uncle): The husband's brother.

Sister-in-law: the husband's sister.

Er Fu: Husband's brother-in-law.

Tim: Husband's wife.

Sister-in-law: the abbreviation of sister-in-law and sister-in-law in ancient times.

In-laws: The marriage between the wife's parents and the husband's parents. Specifically, the husband's father is married and the wife's father is married.

Ya, brother-in-law (brother-in-law, brother-in-law): two Joe, two husbands call each other.

On ancient and modern kinship terms

How do we address our relatives? When addressing relatives, we often hear or see the words "home, home, death, first, dog, small".

[Home]:

Used to refer to living relatives who are older than themselves, meaning humble and ordinary. If you call your father my father strict family, your mother my mother kind family, your father-in-law your family, your grandfather your family, your brother's sister-in-law and so on.

[shed]:

It is used to humble relatives who are inferior to themselves, such as brothers, sisters, nephews and relatives, rather than giving up children.

[first]:

With nostalgia and sadness, it is a kind of honorific title for the late elders, such as the late father, ancestor, Yan Xian, Kao Xian, mother, xian Yan, xian Ci, grandfather and ancestor, and so on.

[death]:

Used as a title for dead people, such as dead sisters and dead children. A deceased husband, wife and close friend can also be called a deceased husband, wife or friend.

[Dog]:

In the past, I was modest to my young children, such as my son and daughter.

[small]:

Modest words commonly used to address oneself, such as calling one's children children, daughters, etc.

[six relatives]:

Six relatives are six kinds of relatives. There have always been different opinions about six relatives, which are roughly as follows: one refers to father and son, brother, sister, nephew and uncle, and in-laws. The second theory refers to father and son, brother and husband and wife. Three said: refers to parents, brothers and wives. The four theories refer to parents, brothers, fathers and brothers, grandparents, great-grandparents and brothers of the same race. Five theories refer to the children of grandparents, parents, sisters, wives, third brothers and children whose parents died. Li Wei refers to father, mother, brother, brother, wife and son, which is a popular saying in modern times. In modern Chinese, six categories also refer to relatives.

The appellation of ancient hierarchical brothers: in ancient times, the hierarchical order between brothers was expressed by Bo, Zhong, Shu and Ji; Bo is the eldest, Zhong is the second, Uncle is the third, and the season ranks the smallest. My father's brother is called "father", my father's second brother is called "Guan Zhong", Guan Zhong's brother is called "uncle" and the youngest uncle is called "Ji's father". Later, my father's brother was collectively called "uncle".

Title of wives in ancient and modern times: We now call a man's spouse a wife. From ancient times to the present, there are nearly forty titles for wives.

Xiaojun and Xijun: First called the wives of princes, and later as wives.

Empress: The emperor's wife.

Zitong: the title of the emperor to the queen.

Madam: In ancient times, the princes' wives were called Madam, and the first and second grade officials' wives in Ming and Qing Dynasties were called Madam Feng. In modern times, it is used as a polite address for ordinary wives, but now it is mostly used in diplomatic occasions.

Jing's wife: In the old days, I humbly called my wife to others, and I also humbly called Jingren, Jingfu, humble Jing, and so on, meaning poverty.

Niangzi: The ancient people's collective name for wives.

Dregs: describe that a wife is in trouble when she is poor and white.

My wife: She used to call others her wife. The written language is also called wife. Address other people's wives as wives.

Butler: In the old days, the wife of a businessman was called "housekeeper", and some people called it "housekeeper".

Wife: In the old society, it was generally called the wife of an official, or the rich and powerful called her "madam". Now it has a respectful meaning, such as "your wife is here."

Wife: refers to the wife's children. In the early days, there were "wives" and "wives" and single wives. Some people often call them "good wives" and "good wives" in their letters to show their love.

Wife: refers to one of the elderly couples, generally refers to the woman.

Woman, wife, aunt: In some places, wives are called women, or wives, or aunts.

Tangke: In some places in the south of the Yangtze River, wives are usually called Tangke.

Wife: In rural Henan, wives are generally called wives.

Wife: a general term for northern urban and rural areas, mostly used in spoken English.

Old love: Because it is too common to call a wife and lover one mouth, the compromise method is called old love.

Second wife: after the wife dies, she will get together.

Family, people in the house, and cook: they are all appellations for wives in dialect.

Woman: In some rural areas, a wife is called the mother of a woman or a child. Cheap wife: an ancient title of respect for a wife,

Lovers: Men and women call each other.

Laomazi and Hericium erinaceus: appellations for wives in rural areas of Henan Province.

Tourist: the title of wife in the mountainous area of western Hubei.

Buddy, partner: a popular common name for wife in modern cities.

Chief of General Staff and Minister of the Interior: modern people's honorific title for a virtuous and housekeeping wife.

Attachment: In the old days, concubines were addressed as "side nephews", "side rooms", "little stars", "like wives" and "husbands".

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