(1) Background: After the Second Opium War, the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty were difficult. (2) Purpose: To maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.
(3) Learning object: advanced western production technology (4) Leadership class: landlord class.
(5) Time: 19, 60-90 years (6) Proposition: "Learn from foreigners to strengthen ourselves"
(7) Representatives: Central Committee-One Heart-Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.
(8) Main contents: In the early stage, the modern military industry was established with the slogan of "self-improvement", and in the later stage, the civilian industry was established with the slogan of "seeking wealth". Later, three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were established one after another, and a number of new schools such as Shi Jing Wentong Museum were established one after another.
(9) Result: beiyang fleet was completely annihilated in the Sino-Japanese War, which marked the complete bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement.
(10) Nature: the self-help movement of feudal rulers.
(1 1) Evaluation: Negative: The subjective purpose was to maintain feudal rule, but it did not make China rich and strong.
Positive: the establishment of modern industry by introducing advanced western technology is objectively neutral.
The emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism has promoted the aggression of western powers.
Slightly also played a certain role in resistance. Westernization Movement is the beginning of China's modernization.
8. The Reform Movement of 1898 (1895—1898)
(1) Background: With the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the national disaster is unprecedented.
(2) leadership: bourgeois reformists
(3) Representative figures: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
(4) Research object: Western advanced system (constitutional monarchy)
(5) mainly through (6) the main content of "Hundred Days Reform"
(7) Nature: the political reform movement led by the bourgeoisie.
(8) Reasons for failure: ① The bourgeoisie is weak and relies on an emperor who has no real power.
The reform violated the interests of the feudal die-hards headed by Empress Dowager Cixi and was strongly opposed by them.
(9) Historical significance: This reform widely spread bourgeois political theory and natural science knowledge, played an enlightening role in society, and promoted the bourgeois struggle from improvement to revolution.
9. Xinhai Revolution (1894—19 12)
(1) leadership class: bourgeois revolutionaries (2) learning object: western advanced system (democratic Republic)
(3) Representative: Sun Yat-sen (4) Guiding ideology-Three People's Principles (5) People's Daily.
(6) Nature-bourgeois democratic revolution (7) Main experiences
(8) Historical significance: success: overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty and ended the feudal monarchy for more than two thousand years.
Make the concept of democracy and Republic deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
Failure: The revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai, which did not change the semi-colonial and semi-closed China.
The task of building the nature of society and opposing imperialism and feudalism has not yet been completed.
10, New Culture Movement (19 15- 1920)
(1) Leadership: radical democrats; (2) Learning objects: advanced western ideas and culture.
(3) Representative figures: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun (4) Nature: Ideological Liberation Movement.
(5) Banner: "Democracy" and "Science" (6) Propaganda Position: "New Youth"
(7) Main content: the early stage-the late stage of "four propositions" and "four oppositions"-propagating Marxism.
(8) Significance: ① Encourage people to pursue democracy and science and explore the truth of saving the country and the people.
② It created conditions for the spread of Marxism in China.