Yoshida Shōin (1830— 1859) is a far-reaching nationalist thinker and educator in modern Japanese history.
Yoshida Shōin was born in Matsushita Village, Lingcheng, Changzhou (now Shankou County) on August 4th, 830. He is the second son of a vassal in Changzhou, supplemented by Lily of Sugiyama, with a family fortune of 26 stones. At the age of 6, he was adopted by his uncle Jing Daole Yoshida (Stone Road 57). Influenced by his father and uncle, Yoshida Shōin insisted on "respecting young people and making decisions early". When he was young, he put clods in a palace, saying that he would imitate Oda Nobu in the Warring States period and repair the deserted palace. At the age of 9, he appeared as a trainee teacher in Amber War Art School in the Ming Lun Hall of San Francisco School.
/kloc-in the 7th century, Amber Su Xing, the founder of Sun Tzu's Art of War of the Amber School, criticized and worshipped China's thought, and advocated world Japanese centralism and Japanese royal centralism. Yoshida Shōin, who is old, is not only proficient in the art of war, but also realizes and inherits the thoughts of Amber Su Xing Zun Wang Si. /kloc-When he was 0/5 years old, he explained Sun Tzu's Fictitious Chapter to the Lord, which was very appreciated by the master. He loves reading sinology works such as Four Books and Five Classics, Shi Li Burning Books and Biography of Wang Yangming, as well as other works advocated by the Mito School in Tokugawa period in Japan, such as The Last Words of Jing Xian, The History of Japan's Foreign Affairs, The New Theory, etc. He greatly worships historical figures such as Qu Yuan, a great patriot in ancient China, and Kusunoki Masashige, a famous royal family in Japanese history.
From 65438 to 0849, Yoshida Shōin began his travel career. This year, he visited the coastal areas of Dajin, Feng Pu and Chimaguan on the orders of the governors, and put forward his own views on how to strengthen the defense of Changzhou governors. The following year, I traveled around Kyushu, visited celebrities from civil and military circles, visited commercial pavilions in China and the Netherlands, and visited Dutch merchant ships, and gained a lot of new knowledge about overseas. 185 1 year, he first arrived in edo (present-day Tokyo), met the famous scholar Sasuke Xiangshan, who had a great influence on his life and advocated "oriental morality and western art (referring to science and technology)", and forged a friendship between teachers and students. At the end of the same year, I traveled to the northeast of Japan with members of the Anti-Friends Palace, without Francisco. As a result, he was deprived of his education, food and wealth for the crime of leaving his residence in San Francisco without permission. 1853, 1 month, the Lord allowed him to travel around Japan 10 years. He immediately packed his bags and set off, passing through Shikoku, Osaka, Ju Chi, Yi Shi and other places, and then went to Edo on May 24th.
On June 3, American Major General Perry led a ship into Puhewan, forcing Japan to establish a country. When Yoshida Shōin heard the news, he immediately rushed to Puhe. Seeing the arrogance of Pei Li and his party and the servility of shogunate officials, he felt infinite indignation. He has written articles such as General and Private Words, Urgent Affairs, Naval Strategy and Urgent Affairs, and put forward his own countermeasures to the shogunate and the vassal government. The following year, in 65438+ 10, when Pei Li led the fleet to arrive again, Yoshida Shōin's thoughts changed greatly under the influence of Sasaki Xiangshan. "If you don't judge foreigners, how can you manage foreigners?" . He believes that closing the country to the outside world is not conducive to safeguarding national independence. Only by learning from each other's strengths and making the country rich and strong quickly can we resist foreign aggression. In order to "find out the truth" and "communicate with the situation in space", he overcame many difficulties with the firm determination of "happiness and failure" and secretly boarded the American ship on the night of March 27, hoping to study aboard the American ship. But Perry refused and sent him back to shore. Because of violating the Tokugawa shogunate's ban on going to sea, in June 65438 +065438+ 10, Yoshida Shōin was put into Yeshan prison in Changzhou. Although his trip to the sea failed, it was a thunder that shook Japan's lock-up system for more than 200 years and had a great psychological impact on the people at the end of the curtain.
In February, Yoshida Shōin was released from prison and placed under house arrest. In July of the following year, with the permission of the Lord, he taught "Family Studies" in Matsushita Village School. The Matsushita Village School sponsored by him is a far cry from the Mingluntang, which specializes in recruiting Wu's younger brothers. Among his students, there are children of the upper and middle class Wu family, young soldiers and even businessmen and peasants. He devoted all his energy to education. The purpose of his teaching is very clear, that is, "to know the meaning of monarch and minister, to know the difference between Chinese and foreigners, and not to lose filial piety." The first article of his educational program "Seven Rules of Scholars" says that "people have five virtues, and the monarch, minister and son are the greatest, so the reason why the old man is a man is loyalty and filial piety." To this end, he once stipulated to students that they should "not disobey the orders of their second-born parents", "wash and dress in the morning and worship their ancestors" and "worship the Oriental China even if they are sick." Brave and simple, learning from Shang Yang are also important contents of his teaching. Therefore, he nominally taught "family studies". In fact, he didn't just talk about the knowledge in books, but combined with the domestic and international situation at that time, he tried to instill his thoughts of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries into his disciples. In his lectures, every time he talked about the killing and martyrdom of his loyal minister and son, he burst into tears, even dripping into a book. When it comes to the minister of rebellion, he is even more angry. He cultivated a large number of social pillars who achieved the great cause of Meiji Restoration with his own painstaking efforts. For example, Hisaka Xuanrui, Takayama Nobuyuki, Fujito Longji, Ito Bowen, Yamagata Aritomo, Shinagawa Yoshijiro, Yamada Kenichi and others. They were either the backbone of the movement to respect the king and resist foreign countries, or the backbone of the Meiji regime, bourgeois reform and external expansion, and played some decisive roles in the historical stage of the Meiji Restoration. Although many people were not directly taught by Yoshida Shōin, they were also deeply influenced by his thoughts and actions of respecting the king and resisting foreign countries. Therefore, Yoshida Shōin occupies an important position in modern Japanese history.
Yoshida Shōin was not opposed to the Tokugawa shogunate at first. In his view, "brothers are fighting, enemies are outside, and it is time to assume domestic responsibility." He hoped that "the shogunate could be truly realized in one day, serving the emperor, leading the vassals, stabilizing Zhao Min and controlling foreigners", which was worthy of the title of "general conquering foreigners". However, in 1858, against the will of the Emperor, the Tokugawa shogunate concluded a trade treaty with the United States, which dashed Yoshida Shōin's hopes for the shogunate. He made a plan to attack the old shogunate (equivalent to cabinet members) in order to win, and he wanted to rally his comrades in Kyoto to "win the first place" with the determination of chopping waves and breaking waves, to show "loyalty to the diligent king" and "send the public anger of the people all over the world" The plan failed to be implemented. Yoshida Shōin was jailed again for "excessive crime". 1859 transferred to edo in July. 10 year 10 on 27th, he read aloud the poem of his death and walked to the execution ground with great aplomb:
"I died for my country today, and I won't die for my loved ones.
The matter of heaven and earth is long, and God is clear in the mirror. "
In order to save the nation from peril and promote the movement of respecting the king against foreign countries, Yoshida Shōin gave his life at the age of 29. The Tokugawa shogunate tried to put out the movement of respecting the king and rejecting the foreign countries by bloody repression and slaughter, and maintained the crumbling feudal rule. However, the blood of Yoshida Shōin and other people with lofty ideals did not flow in vain, which made more people who respected the king and resisted Japan awaken, rose up and rebelled, and began to overthrow the decadent rule of the Tokugawa shogunate with practical actions. The famous Japanese historian Tokunosuke commented that Yoshida Shōin was "like the mother of dystocia". Although she is dead, her son has to grow up. ""He is the best depth charge in reform and reform ".
Yoshida Shōin wrote a lot in his life, and all of his income was1The Complete Works of Yoshida Shōin edited and published by Yamaguchi Education Association in 936. His main works are Unburned Manuscripts, Unburned Manuscripts, Records of Tibetan Prisoners, Miscellaneous Notes of Wild Mountains, Talking about Yu Meng, Manuscripts of Wild Mountains Prison, Manuscripts of Chen Bingjing's Room, Manuscripts of Ding Sijing's Room, Manuscripts of Five Five Quiet Rooms, Manuscripts of My Unknown Room and Records of the Soul.
Before his death, Yoshida Shōin wrote the famous Record of the Soul. At the beginning of the text, there is a chorus: "Although I am rotted in Musashi Yuanye, the soul of Yamato is immortal." His so-called "Yamato Soul" refers to the spirit of reverence for the emperor. He believes that Japan is the emperor's "all leaves are unified" imperial country. Since the illumination of heaven, "inheriting sages and cherishing them forever" is unmatched by other countries, and Japan is therefore "respected in the universe". The phrase "The world is not dominated by one person" only applies to China, not to the Japanese "national system". Therefore, he advocates that the only way to save the national crisis is to clarify the unique "national system" of Japan, that is, to inspire the national spirit by advocating respect for Wang Si. "The United States and Europe are coming to Hosoju. This preparation is not a boat, not a gun, but the soul of our islands." In his view, everything in Japan is under the sovereignty of the emperor, and the emperor is inviolable. The Tokugawa shogunate's disrespect for the royal family "is the repetition of heaven and earth, the inversion of yin and yang, and the extinction of rule." No one in China can sit idly by! It is precisely because of his deep-rooted thought of respecting Wang Si that he put forward the far-reaching theory of "rebellious people". When "the shogunate and governors are as intoxicating as before, and there is nothing they can do to help them", they will spare no effort to "defend the governors with the power of rebelling against the people and assist the rejuvenation of China from a distance".
Yoshida Shōin is well versed in history and current situation, and knows the fact that western capitalist powers invaded in the East, so he can see through the nature of aggression and expansion of western powers under the cover of rhetoric and point out the serious semi-colonial crisis that Japan faced after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC). He used the fact that the United States annexed Mexico to expose the lie that Harris, the American consul in Japan, advertised that he had no territorial ambitions, "just because he was still unable to counter the words of benevolence and righteousness." Once he is strong enough, he will undoubtedly invade and expand Japan. Western powers are no exception. He thought that the Tokugawa shogunate's acceptance of American credentials under Peili's coercion was no different from China's humiliation in the Opium War. "If you are willing to accept the command of an incompetent, incompetent and unwise shogunate, you will go astray." In response to the invasion of western powers, "be good at fighting and then making peace, and be good at attacking and then defending." Today, we can't make peace by fighting, we can't attack and defend. Although the articles of association are strict and sincere, it will certainly be the same as Song Zhao and Manchu. "This insight of his is very profound.
Yoshida Shōin's thought of respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries has its historical limitations, but it is in line with the interests of the Japanese nation at that time, and it is a manifestation of national independence and patriotism, which is of progressive significance in history. Of course, Yoshida Shōin was not a bourgeois revolutionary, but a nationalist thinker and educator. He resolutely opposed the decadent rule of Tokugawa shogunate and gave his life for it, but he still didn't have the consciousness of completely opposing the feudal system. This is determined by his status as a feudal warrior class.
At the same time, Yoshida Shōin also has a strong thought of national expansionism. "China has close relations with other countries, but it is the root of the road." Starting from the fundamental point of respecting the king, Yoshida Shōin believed that Yamato nation should not be second-rate in the competition of all countries in the world, but should rule all countries. Japan should not only be kept out, but also be kept out in turn. The border of his ideal Japanese empire starts from kamchatka peninsula in the north, reaches Taiwan Province Province and the Philippines in the south, and even extends to South Asia and Australia, while North Korea and Northeast China are incorporated into Japan's territory in the west. In his own words, he also wants to "annex five continents." He also suggested that Japan's losses in its contacts with western powers should be compensated by North Korea and Northeast China. "Servants and thieves are the policy of thinking about the present for the country and are in tune with Russia and the United States. We must never make trouble by ourselves. We should strictly abide by the articles of association, restrain it and prevent it from being arrogant. I want to seize Manchuria, force Russia, occupy North Korea, and control Nanyang to attack India. The first choice of the three is easy to do, which is a sustainable industry in the world. " Obviously, Yoshida Shōin's ideal is to establish an alliance of eastern powers dominated by Japan.
Yoshida Shōin's thought of state expansionism had a great influence on his protege and the whole generation, and it became the guiding ideology of Japanese development of capitalism and militarism from Meiji Restoration to World War II. Nevertheless, Yoshida Shōin is still a nationalist thinker who played a progressive role in modern Japanese history and one of the pioneers of Meiji Restoration.
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