This revolution began with the birth of working machines, marked by the widespread use of steam engines as power machines.
This technological revolution and related changes in social relations are called the first industrial revolution or industrial revolution.
In terms of production technology, the industrial revolution replaced manual workshops with factory system and manual labor with machines; In social relations, the industrial revolution made the yeoman peasant class attached to the backward mode of production disappear, and the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat formed and developed.
Britain is the birthplace of the industrial revolution.
The British Industrial Revolution began in the 1960s of 18 and was basically completed in the 40s of 19.
It is no accident that the industrial revolution began in Britain, which has profound political, socio-economic and scientific and technological preconditions.
/kloc-The British bourgeois revolution in the middle of the 0/7th century overthrew the feudal autocracy in Britain and established a constitutional monarchy based on the alliance between the bourgeoisie and the land aristocracy, thus becoming the first country in the world to establish bourgeois political rule.
The bourgeoisie used state power to accelerate the implementation of policies and measures to develop capitalism, which promoted the rapid formation of various preconditions for the industrial revolution.
The bourgeoisie accumulated huge wealth through large-scale foreign plunder and the national debt system and consumption tax policy implemented at home, which provided the necessary monetary funds for the industrial revolution; The large-scale enclosure movement provided a large number of "free" labor and a broad domestic market for the industrial revolution.
The high development of British workshop handicraft industry has trained a large number of skilled workers with rich practical experience, creating conditions for the invention and application of machines; The development and achievements of natural science, especially Newton's mechanics and mathematics, laid a scientific theoretical foundation for the emergence of machines.
Brief introduction of the second industrial revolution (also called electrical revolution) After the second industrial revolution 1870, the development of science and technology advanced by leaps and bounds, and various new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were quickly applied to industrial production, greatly promoting economic development.
This is the second industrial revolution.
At that time, the outstanding development of science and technology was mainly manifested in three aspects, namely, the wide application of electric power, the creation of internal combustion engines and new means of transportation, and the invention of new means of communication.
The second industrial revolution was marked by the widespread use of electricity.
From 65438 to the sixties and seventies, a series of electrical inventions appeared.
Siemens in Germany made a generator, and Gram in Belgium invented an electric motor. Electricity began to be used to drive machines and became a new energy source to supplement and replace steam power.
The electric power industry and electrical appliance manufacturing industry have developed rapidly.
Mankind has entered the electrical age.
/kloc-In the early 9th century, electromagnetic induction was discovered. According to this phenomenon, electricity is deeply studied.
While further improving the electrical theory, scientists began to develop generators.
1866, German scientist Siemens made a generator, which was improved several times and gradually improved. In the 1970s, practical generators came out.
The invention of the electric motor realized the exchange of electric energy and mechanical energy.
Subsequently, electric lamps, trams, electric drills, electric welding machines and other electrical products have mushroomed.
Another great achievement of the second industrial revolution was the invention and use of the internal combustion engine.
From 65438 to 1970s and 1980s, internal combustion engines fueled by gas and gasoline were born one after another, and diesel engines were built successfully in 1990s.
The invention of the internal combustion engine solved the engine problem of the vehicle.
1885, German karl benz successfully manufactured the first car driven by an internal combustion engine.
Diesel locomotives, ocean-going ships and airplanes have also developed rapidly.
The invention of internal combustion engine also promoted the development of oil exploitation and the emergence of petrochemical industry.
During the second industrial revolution, telecommunications developed particularly rapidly.
After the appearance of wired telegraph, telephone and wireless telegraph came out one after another, which provided convenience for the rapid transmission of information.
Since then, economic, political and cultural ties around the world have been further strengthened.
Compared with the first industrial revolution, the second industrial revolution has the following three characteristics: first, during the first industrial revolution, many technological inventions came from the practical experience of craftsmen, and science and technology were not really combined; During the second industrial revolution, the new development of natural science began to be closely combined with industrial production, which played a more important role in promoting the development of productive forces scientifically. Its combination with technology has made great achievements in the second industrial revolution.
Secondly, the first industrial revolution first occurred in Britain, and important new machines and new modes of production were mainly invented in Britain, while the industrial revolution in other countries developed relatively slowly; The second industrial revolution happened in several advanced capitalist countries almost at the same time, and new technologies and inventions were beyond the scope of a country, with a larger scale and rapid development.
Third, at the beginning of the second industrial revolution, some major capitalist countries such as Japan had not completed the first industrial revolution. For them, the two industrial revolutions crossed.
They can not only absorb the technological achievements of the first industrial revolution, but also directly use the new technologies of the second industrial revolution. The economic development of these countries is also relatively fast.
Introduction to the Third Industrial Revolution (also known as the energy revolution) With the increasing energy consumption after the second industrial revolution, various unfavorable factors caused by it gradually emerged at the end of the 20th century: lack of energy, environmental pollution, and increasing dependence of society on energy.
This makes many countries exhausted and predatory at the expense of war.
Developed countries have spent huge financial and material resources to solve environmental problems.
However, none of these can solve the fundamental problem. Conventional energy will be exhausted in the near future, which will bring about drastic changes in human living conditions and bring disaster to the world! Since the end of the 20th century, countries all over the world have been vigorously studying alternative energy sources, taking hydropower, solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy, tidal energy and biomass energy as the promotion and research directions.
Among these new energy sources, hydropower and biomass energy are limited by natural conditions, and the energy is pitiful and in short supply; Nuclear energy has certain limitations and is unlikely to be widely used; At present, the technological development of tidal energy has not yet entered a substantive stage, and further breakthroughs are needed in technology; At present, solar energy and wind energy are widely used.
The problem of power supply time and cost of solar energy has always been a bottleneck in many countries. Now all countries are solving the cost problem through technical improvement, but it is impossible to reduce the power generation cost for a long time (maybe ten or thirty years), so its comprehensive promotion or use is not feasible. Developed countries (such as Germany) can only achieve the national power generation 10% or less.