Yunnan dialect belongs to the southwest mandarin of Chinese, and there are still many words of Central Plains Chinese in Yuan and Ming Dynasties in Yunnan folk.
Yunnan dialect
Almost all the ending words in Yunnan dialect are Rusheng. Although most of them are used in Sichuan and Guizhou, they are far from common in Yunnan dialect. Throughout the three places, there are countless such examples. The reason is that Gai has a great relationship with Yunnan's geographical location and cultural exchange. I think the staged characteristics of Yunnan's immigrant history are very obvious. Without immigration, there will be large-scale immigration (in just 30 years in the early Ming Dynasty, there were nearly 400,000 immigrants, most of whom were Jianghuai children, which was astronomical at that time). This feature, coupled with inconvenient transportation, makes the dialect relatively stable. Moreover, Yunnan is located in the frontier and has long been independent from the central dynasty (independence is needed, and Yunnan has more conditions). The early dialects are already emboldened and cannot be assimilated casually. Later, it interacted with the mainland dialect, and finally formed the Yunnan dialect with the characteristics of Jianghuai Mandarin today. Yunnan dialect is generally unified, and the communication between different sub-dialects is not a problem, but there are still subtle differences, which have a lot to do with the influence of local national languages. For example, Xishuangbanna Chinese dialect and Dai language are very similar in intonation. Lijiang dialect has a faint shadow of Naxi dialect. [ 1]
The tone of Dali Chinese dialect is very similar to that of Bai dialect. The intonation difference between Yunnan dialect as a whole and Southwest Mandarin is also influenced by some Yi languages. In Yunnan dialect, when people try to communicate with different groups of people in Putonghua, some features are transferred to the language standard, forming a specific language variety-Mapu.
The spread of Mandarin in Yunnan is bound to change, which can be proved by Ye Wubin's "Yun Lu lve Yi Tong" in the middle of Ming Dynasty. According to the records in the preface of Yuan Jian's block-printed "Yun Lu Lulve Yi Tong", the book was published in the "exclusive era of Wanli", that is, A.D. 1586, that is, in the middle of Ming Dynasty. The original book "Rhythm and Meanings" was edited by Mao Lan. According to the bibliography of Qian Zeng Shu Pu Tang, the book was published in "Orthodox September", that is, A.D. 1442. At that time, a large number of Han immigrants soon moved to Yunnan. Mao Lan compiled a rhyme book to help readers correct their pronunciation. The phonetic system reflected in the book is basically the same as that in Zhongyuan Rhyme in Yuan Dynasty. It can be seen that the language foundation of Mao Lanyuan's works is Mandarin in Ming Dynasty. However, the phonetic system reflected in the adaptation of Benwu is different from the original. For example, the initial consonant Shangjing (z) and the initial consonant Jianjing (g) are mixed in light tone characters, which is the pre-jawed idiom jqx, which simplifies the vowel upper nasal rhyme system. First, the vowel of -m disappears, and the three groups of nasal rhymes of -m, -n and -ng are merged into two groups. Secondly, the nasal rhyme system of -n vowels is simplified. (Note: Phonetic symbols are used in this article. In a word, the phonetic system reflected by the adaptation of Benwu is obviously different from that of Mandarin in the early Ming Dynasty, but it is basically the same as that of Yunnan dialect. It is said that the phonology of Mandarin, which spread throughout Yunnan in the middle period, has actually evolved into the phonology of Yunnan dialect. Phonetics is the manifestation of dialects, and the formation of phonology in Yunnan dialect is also the symbol of the formation of Yunnan dialect. Therefore, it can be considered that today's Yunnan dialect began to form in the middle of Ming Dynasty.
However, the development situation in different places is not balanced. In the early Ming Dynasty, Wei was only built in the hinterland, which was generally a combination of government and health. Although there are no guards in some prefectures and counties, they still run military camps, such as Guangxi Prefecture, (now shizong county and Maitreya County) and Chengjiang Prefecture. But the border area is different, and it is still under the control of the toast.
Yunnan dialect
Therefore, there is no government jurisdiction, and Jiankang has established Xuanwei Ambassador Department, Fu Xuan Department and Yuyizhou Department. Huakai Prefecture (now Wenshan Prefecture) and Pu 'er Prefecture in the border areas were only established in the early Qing Dynasty. Originally, there were very few Han Chinese, and only after the establishment of the government did a large number of Han Chinese move in. Therefore, the formation of Yunnan dialect in border areas will be later. Not only that, there are some places in the mainland where there were only indigenous households and no Han households until the end of the Ming Dynasty, so these places were called "Earthwork" and "Barbarians". (Note: The "civil servant" in Yunnan Apocalypse Record and Fu Service Record. Although there were Han Chinese in some places in the early Ming Dynasty, they were later merged by indigenous people, such as Lijiang. When Xu Xiake visited Lijiang in the late Ming Dynasty, he wrote in his diary:
"Other natives are Moore (now Naxi). Those who were guarded by the Han people in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic are now in accordance with their customs. At the beginning of the country, it was also a military residence. Now I don't know that there is an army. " (Note: Zhu: Collation of Xu Xiake's Travels, Yunnan People's Publishing House, June 1985, 1st edition, Volume 2, p. 938. )
Obviously, the Yunnan dialect formed in these places is also relatively late.
1, I ate-does that mean I ate? "Ge" (this word is only used to express pronunciation, and some people write it as "left mouth and right case". I don't know what it means. The pronunciation of Yunnan is not explained one by one below. ) They are widely used in Yunnan dialect and are often placed at the beginning of sentences to indicate rhetorical questions and interrogative questions. Like a card game? It means-play or not.
2, go, go to gai to buy children's grams. Don't be afraid, everyone. This sentence means "go to the street to buy shoes". Read "On the Street of Yunnan"; Go, reading "ke" is usually used at the end or the beginning of a sentence. For example, "For gram?" Just ask "go or not", "my home" means "go to my home"
3, which costs the canteen, the food tastes terrible. If you hit one, it's 2 yuan, and it's an honest man's ghost fire (read the second sound)! This sentence is a bit difficult. Pay attention to what "which fee" means, such as meat, which is pronounced as "Ru" in Yunnan. Modal words are often used at the end of sentences or in sentences. Honesty is not honesty. Very, very good. Ghost fire green, very common, not difficult to understand, too angry, angry also called. Attention, read "Lu"!
4. Your boyfriend is so "Cao Nai" that he can't bear to cut (read the second sound) and roar movies for ten pieces. Note: "this" is pronounced "support" and "support" is also "this". "Cao Nai" is filthy, and Kunming people especially like to say, cut, it is money, and read it (two sounds). Look, locals generally use "look" and "roar", and old people also use the word "roar". I'm losing it. What a pity!
5. Yesterday (the first sound), the Brazilian team "grabbed" the ball (read the second sound) and it was honest and smelly! "A Fei" and "Which Fei" and "Expenditure" are basically the same, but they mean something contemptuous or contemptuous. Catch the ball, kick the ball, such as catch the ball! Let's play football!
6. When the word "no" is connected together, it becomes a word "biu", which meansno. For example, I am still eating in biu, and I haven't eaten yet! This biu (unlisted) is very popular in western Yunnan and Honghe! This is similar to the Wu dialect in Jiangsu and Zhejiang. The word "don't" (that is, don't want it) in Wu dialect has become a word "fiao" with no meaning. The similarity between them may indicate the homology of Chinese.
7. You have your meal, please put it down? "You pick up (your home)" and "you" are the same. I think it may be the tone sandhi of "you". By way of digression, most of the Han people in Yunnan moved in from the mainland in the Ming Dynasty. Due to the inconvenient transportation in the old days, Yunnan dialect may have retained many ancient Chinese pronunciations. There are still many distinctive sentences and words that cannot be expressed. In those examples, the brothers were so tired that a Buddha was born and a Buddha ascended to heaven, which was really impressive. Let's call it a day and talk about it later! Finally, leave two difficult sentences in Yunnan dialect. If any non-Yunnan friends can know what it means, you can go to Yunnan alone! Don't reveal the answer, Yunnan friend.
8. "Know the place". When friends in Baoshan ask for directions, they must pay attention. If the other person answers "I know that place", it means I don't know. Don't just wait for the other person to tell you, or keep asking "do you know where to go?" "Know" is negative here, that is, don't know.
9. "Lace"-adjective, indicating that women are diligent. For example, your girl (Ji, life) is so rude! (Kunming people pronounce home as "knot")
10, Banza-adjective, very good, very good, very awesome, for example: Momo Sansan (modal particle, usually expressing consternation), your mother's cooking is too banza!
In addition, Yunnan people usually end with modal auxiliary words such as "you", "pinch", "ga" and "ma", which is very different from Sichuan dialect. For example, he didn't quit school until morning! Just eat Mick! He went to school in the morning and had dinner! "or" still a big guy, risking quarreling with his little sister! "This, are modal particles, nothing special, but if you can use it freely, then you will almost graduate from Yunnan Dialect Band 4, _
1 1, you (Biao, meaning don't) are pustules with me, which means you don't want to go against me. People in Honghe Prefecture often say.
12, Mei Mei III, you can do anything! The exclamation of "Mei Mei III" expressed surprise. "You can do all these things" means you dare to do such a thing! This is the dialect of Honghe in Yunnan.
13, a girl is always beautiful-that girl is beautiful.
14, go, hook up with a girl-go, seduce a little girl.
15, eat Maman- eat, "Maman" means rice.
16, I can't sleep-I can't sleep.
17, this is very strong-this person is stupid. This person-this person has become stronger-is stupid and has low ability (corresponding to a noun-Japanese thick bag-stupid person). Very-it means very, very. Depth.
Four-character words commonly used in Kunming
1, used to being scattered every day-describes people's behavior as clumsy and sloppy. It's a bumpy day.
2, with half down-describe a person doing things a little bit east and west, not specific.
3. Whoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo.
4, crazy expansion-describe a person crazy, acting weird.
5. Eight words in the ear-describe a person saying something over and over again, making it simple and complicated.
6, the head of God 25-describes doing things, perhaps regardless of the consequences, generally refers to dangerous things.
7, five boards and six boards-describe excitement, very anxious when wronged. Synonym: springboard player
8. Sparrows and strange birds-the behavior is very strange.
9, nonsense-say something off topic.
10, can't be stupid-describe being stupid, stupid and thoughtless.
1 1, shaking the shell-describes shaking when you are afraid, or showing shivering with cold.
I hope it can help you solve the problem.