The seventh-grade historical mind map Volume I Historical review materials Volume I Unit 1 Historical knowledge points later developed into the Chinese nation and became the predecessor of the Han nationality on the first day. 2. Yan Di: No, Shennong, who teaches people to farm, is the founder of agricultural production. ? Taste a hundred herbs? Looking for herbs to cure diseases for people. First of all, the ancient residents of our country
1. The earliest known human in China was Yuanmou, about 1.7 million years ago.
2. Beijingers lived about 700,000 to 200,000 years ago, and they first used natural fire.
China is the first country to grow rice and millet in the world. More than 7,000 years ago, Hemudu people living in the Yangtze River valley had planted rice, and Banpo people living in the Yellow River valley had planted the earliest millet and vegetables in the world more than 5,000 years ago.
Understand the basic situation of Hemudu site and Banpo site.
Hemudu site:
Hemudu settlement, about 7000 years ago, located in Hemudu village, Yuyao, Zhejiang Province, is the representative of clan settlement in the Yangtze River basin. Residents there generally use grinding stone tools and make tools from animal bones. China is one of the earliest countries to grow rice in the world. Hemudu residents mainly grow rice and raise livestock such as pigs, dogs and buffaloes.
Houses in Hemudu settlement are all dry-fence-style, and dry-fence architecture has always been one of the main architectural forms in Jiangnan area.
Banpo site:
Banpo settlement about 6000 years ago is located in banpo village, Xi 'an County, Shaanxi Province.
There are many round houses or small houses around the site, which are the residences of clan members. China is one of the earliest countries to grow millet in the world. Banpo residents raise domestic animals such as pigs and dogs, and also hunt and fish. Stone grinding tools are widely used.
Pottery was the main tool in people's daily life at that time. A large number of pottery has been unearthed, and the background color of pottery is generally red, with figures, animals, geometric patterns and other patterns painted on it, which is called painted pottery.
Ii. Slavery in Xia, Shang and Western Zhou Dynasties
1 About 2 1 century BC, China's first slavery dynasty, the Xia Dynasty, was established. Does this mean that the hereditary system of the throne has been replaced Franchise system? The recommended method of producing tribal alliance leaders is called abdication system.
The primitive society in China ended in the Yu period.
2. The Shang Dynasty was founded in the Tang Dynasty in about16th century BC. In Shang Dynasty, Pan Geng moved the capital to Yin and stabilized the rule.
The Si Mu Wu Ding in Shang Dynasty is the largest bronze ware found in the world. (Remember the familiar picture of Muswuding in P22) The Four Sheep Fang Zun unearthed in Ningxiang, Hunan Province is an exquisite bronze ware.
4. Around 1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang sent troops to destroy the business and established the Western Zhou Dynasty.
P24 No.5. The Western Zhou Dynasty implemented the enfeoffment system, and the Spring and Autumn Period began to disintegrate. During the Warring States period, the enfeoffment system was gradually replaced by the county system. The Qin dynasty practiced centralized system. There were three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty. Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province were the highest ruling institutions of the central government in the Tang Dynasty. Central and local institutions in the Yuan Dynasty: the central government implemented a one-province system: in the Yuan Dynasty, the three provinces were abolished, and the central secretariat province was established as the highest administrative institution, while the Privy Council was the highest military institution. At the same time, the Zheng Xuan Academy was established to take charge of religious affairs and manage Tibet; Provincial system is implemented in local areas: except Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong, which are directly managed by Zhongshu Province, there is a provincial system called Zhongshu Province.
Third, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period (Eastern Zhou Dynasty)
The Spring and Autumn Period is the disintegration period of slave society, and the Warring States Period is the formation period of feudal society.
1. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty is divided into two periods: the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The Spring and Autumn Period began in 770 BC and ended in 476 BC. The warring States period was from 475 BC to 22 BC1year.
2. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the first warlord was Qi Huangong of Qi. He appointed Guan Zhong as Prime Minister, reformed internal affairs and made the country stronger and stronger. The last overlord was Gou Jian, the King of Yue. The five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period refer to Qi Huangong, Jin Wengong (the battle between Chu and Jin, which decided Jin Wengong to become the overlord of the Central Plains, was the battle between Chengpu), Chu Zhuangwang, Wu and Lu Wang and Gou Jian, the king of Yue.
3. The main vassal states in the Warring States Period were Qi, Chu, Qin, Yan, Zhao, Wei and Han, which were known in history? Seven Heroes of the Warring States Period? (Where are the major vassal states? Northern Yan and Southern Chu, Western Qin and Eastern Qi, upper, middle and lower Zhao Wei and Han). Zhao, Wei and Han were separated from the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period.
Qin became the most powerful country among the Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period, mainly because of Shang Yang's political reform. During the Warring States period, the westernmost vassal was Qin.
5. The earliest music education system in China was formed in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The earliest period when iron farm tools appeared was the Spring and Autumn Period.
6. During the Warring States Period, Dujiangyan built by Li Bing of Qin State was a famous water conservancy project, which turned Chengdu Plain into? Flood and drought follow people, not knowing hunger, right? Land of abundance? Good name.
7. Evolution of Chinese characters (Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Jinwen, Xiaozhuan and Lishu): Chinese characters originated in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. In the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, the words carved on the bronzes were called bronze inscriptions, also known as Zhong Dingwen. Sculpture art has developed to a high level in Shang Dynasty and Western Zhou Dynasty. China's literary history began in Shang Dynasty.
8. The founder of Taoist school is Lao Zi (Li Er), whose simple dialectical thought is embodied in Tao Te Ching; Zhuangzi was the successor of the Taoist school in the Warring States Period.
9. The founder of Confucianism is Confucius (Kong Qiu), who compiled The Book of Songs and The Spring and Autumn Annals, and his words and deeds are recorded in The Analects. Mencius in the Warring States period was the successor of Confucius' theory, and they advocated implementing it? Ren? Think? People are more important, and you are lighter? Oppose the continuous annexation war (don't overfish fish and turtles, but cut down trees on the mountain on time so that natural resources can be used continuously).
10, the founder of Mohism is Mozi, who advocates? Love? 、? Non-attack? A war against injustice.
1 1. The representative of the legalist school is Han Fei, who advocates that power should be concentrated in the hands of the monarch, and reforms should be carried out according to actual needs to rule the country.
12, Sun Wu was an outstanding strategist of Qi in the late Spring and Autumn Period, and he wrote The Art of War by Sun Tzu. Sun Bin, an outstanding strategist in the Warring States Period, wrote Sun Bin's Art of War.
13, during the Warring States period, many thinkers put forward different views on social change, wrote books, advocated their own ideas, and formed? A hundred schools of thought contend? Situation.
Fourth, Qin and Han Dynasties.
In BC 1 year and BC 22 1 year, Ying Zheng, the first Qin Emperor, wiped out the six countries and established the first unified feudal dynasty in the history of China? The Qin dynasty ended the separatist regime in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. (Book P57 Statue of Qin Shihuang)
2. The Qin Dynasty stipulated that the national standard script was Xiao Zhuan, and the currency used in the whole country was Yuan Fang Kong Qian. Li Changcheng starts from Lintao in the west and ends in Liaoning in the east.
3. In 209 BC, a peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu broke out in osawa Township, which was the first peasant uprising in China history. In 206 BC, the Qin Dynasty fell.
4. In 202 BC, Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu) established the Western Han Dynasty with Chang 'an as its capital.
5.P67 In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Gaozu practiced a policy of recuperation. Emperor Wendi and Emperor Jingdi continued to pursue the policy of recuperation, attached importance to the development of agriculture, neglected taxes, reduced penalties, advocated thrift, maintained social stability, and developed rapidly, resulting in the situation of "governing by culture". The implementation of the recuperation policy promoted the economic recovery and development of the Western Han Dynasty and laid the foundation for its prosperity.
6. A series of political and economic measures carried out by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty contributed to the emergence of a unified situation. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty seized Hetao and Hexi Corridor from Xiongnu.
7. propose? Should we oust a hundred schools (except Confucianism) and respect Confucianism alone? The famous scholar is Dong Zhongshu of the Western Han Dynasty.
8. In AD 25, Liu Xiu established the Eastern Han Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital. When Liu Xiu was in power, the political situation was more stable, the economic situation improved obviously, and the national strength became stronger and stronger. Guangwu zhongxing? .
9. The sowing tool in the Western Han Dynasty was a rickshaw; In the Eastern Han Dynasty, a new irrigation tool was overthrown. In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Du Fu-shi invented drainage and used hydraulic drum to smelt iron, which was more than 1000 years earlier than in Europe.
10. At the end of Qin Dynasty, Mao Dunhan, the leader of Xiongnu, established a unified military regime of slavery in Mongolian grassland, realizing the great unification of nomadic people in northern China for the first time.
In BC 1 1 and BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty sent Wei Qing and Huo Qubing to attack the Huns in the north.
12. During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Han Yuan married Wang Qiang (Wang Zhaojun) to Uhaanyehe, the leader of Xiongnu, thus strengthening the relationship between China and Hungary.
In BC 138, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions in order to unite the Vietnamese in the Western Regions to attack the Huns. In BC 1 19, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions for the second time.
13. During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian made two missions to the Western Regions; In 60 BC, the Western Han government set up a sign to protect the western regions, which became the beginning of Xinjiang's formal ownership by the central government. In 73 AD, the government of the Eastern Han Dynasty sent Ban Chao to the Western Regions, and Ban Chao operated in the Western Regions for 30 years, which helped all ethnic groups in the Western Regions get rid of the slavery of the Huns and restored and strengthened the ties between the Western Regions and the mainland.
14. The famous Silk Road in history runs from Chang 'an to the west, passes through Hexi Corridor in Gansu and today's Xinjiang, and reaches as far as Central Asia, South Asia and West Asia, as well as countries on the east coast of the Mediterranean, southern Europe and North Africa. Zhang Qian, the envoy of the Western Regions, made the greatest contribution to the opening of the Silk Road.
Zhou Kuai Shu Jing written by the Western Han Dynasty 15 and p87 and Jiu Zhang Arithmetic written by the Eastern Han Dynasty are famous mathematical works, which have had a considerable impact on the development of ancient mathematics in the world.
16, p89 The famous doctors in the Eastern Han Dynasty were Zhang Zhongjing and Hua Tuo. Zhang Zhongjing's medical masterpiece Treatise on Febrile Diseases was regarded as a medical classic by later generations, and Zhang Zhongjing was honored as? Medical sage? . Hua tuo created an anesthetic? Mr. Ma Fei? He was the first doctor in the world to operate under general anesthesia, and was called the originator of surgery by the late Buddha. He also worked as an exerciser? Wuqinxi? .
17. During the Eastern Han Dynasty, Cai Lun improved papermaking, which played an inestimable role in the spread and development of human culture. Zhang Heng invented a seismograph which can measure earthquakes.
18. Buddhism originated in ancient India and was introduced to the Central Plains of China in the late Western Han Dynasty. Taoism is a religion that rose in China during the Eastern Han Dynasty.
19 The Historical Records written by Sima Qian, an outstanding historian in the Western Han Dynasty, is an immortal historical masterpiece, which records the history of more than 3,000 years from the Yellow Emperor to the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Historical Records is China's first biographical general history. What is not recorded in the history books is Ban Chao.
20. Silk paintings unearthed from Mawangdui Han Tomb in Changsha are ancient art treasures of China. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the largest art treasures unearthed in the world so far, and they are outstanding representatives of sculpture art in Qin and Han Dynasties.
Five, the Three Kingdoms, Jin Dynasty, Southern and Northern Dynasties
1, Cao Cao's battle to unify the north by winning more with less was the battle of Guandu. In 208, Cao Cao led a great army to the south and fought a decisive battle with the allied forces of Sun Quan and Liu Bei in Chibi. He was defeated and returned to China, known as Battle of Red Cliffs in history. This battle laid the foundation for the formation of the Three Kingdoms.
In 2.220, Cao Pi established the State of Wei, with Luoyang as its capital; 22 1 year, Liu Bei proclaimed himself emperor and founded his country in Chengdu, known as Shu Han in history; In 222, Sun Quan became king, with the title of Wu and the capital of Jianye. Formed a tripartite confrontation between the three countries. (Memorize the positions and capitals of Wei, Shu and Wu in the situation map of the Three Kingdoms)
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang, the prime minister of Shu, was a famous politician.
4. Grottoes art is an outstanding representative of sculpture art. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Yungang Grottoes in Datong, Shanxi Province and Longmen Grottoes in Luoyang, Henan Province achieved the highest achievements.
In 5.230, Sun Quan sent Wei Wen to lead a fleet of 10,000 people to Yizhou, which strengthened the ties between Yizhou and the mainland.
In 6.265, Sima Yan established the Western Jin Dynasty, with Luoyang as its capital; In 280, the Western Jin Dynasty unified the whole country, ending the split situation since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. In 3 16, Liu Yuan, the leader of Xiongnu, led his troops into Luoyang, and the Western Jin Dynasty perished.
In 7.3 17, Si Marui established the Eastern Jin Dynasty, with its capital in Jiankang; In 383, former Qin Fu Jian led an army to attack the Eastern Jin Dynasty. In the battle of Feishui, the Eastern Jin army defeated the former Qin army with fewer troops.
8. The four regimes in the Southern Dynasties were Song, Qi, Liang and Chen in turn, and their capitals were all in Jiankang.
9. During the Southern Dynasties, Yangzhou and Jingzhou produced the most silk products in the south of the Yangtze River, and important commercial cities such as Jiankang and Jiangling appeared. Panyu (now Guangzhou) became an overseas trade center.
10 During the Eastern Han, Wei and Jin Dynasties, a large number of northern minorities moved southward, which promoted the economic development of Jiangnan. The vast majority of mountain Vietnamese in Wu moved from the mountainous areas to the plains to develop Jiangnan with the Han people. Agriculture has developed, but it is still not as good as the north. The main ethnic minorities are Xiongnu, Xianbei, Jie, Di and Qiang (5).
1 1. The five regimes in the Northern Dynasties were Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou.
12, the Eastern Han Dynasty, the Cao Wei Dynasty, the Western Jin Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty were all based in Luoyang.
13 During the Southern Dynasties, Zu Chongzhi, an outstanding mathematician in ancient China, was the first scientist in the world to accurately calculate the value of pi to seven decimal places, which was 1 100 years earlier than Europe. His book is being written.
14. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, Jia Sixie, a famous agronomist in ancient China, wrote Qi Yao Min Shu, which is the earliest and most complete agricultural work in China.
15. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Li Daoyuan, an outstanding geographer in ancient China, wrote a comprehensive geographical work-Notes on Water Mirrors.
16, China calligraphy has gradually become a special art since the Eastern Han Dynasty: Zhong You founded regular script in Cao Wei; Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty was honored as? Book saint? His masterpiece is Preface to Lanting, among which are? The best running script in the world? The reputation of. P 122
17. The representative works of Gu Kaizhi, a painter in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, include "The History of Women" and "The Map of Luoshen".
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