Comparison Table of February Revolution and October Revolution in Russia (lesson 1)
Name, nature of time and place, and significance of revolutionary task results
February Revolution1965438+March 2007
The bourgeois-democratic revolution in Petrograd overthrew the rule of the tsar, and the two regimes coexisted.
October Revolution191711.7.
Petrograd
* * *: Lenin
Uprising headquarters: the proletarian revolution of Smolny Institute overthrew the interim government and established the socialist system.
The People's Committee, the first Soviet government of workers and peasants in the world, was established. The October Revolution was the first socialist revolution that won victory in human history. The first socialist country in the world was born. The victory of the October Revolution dealt a heavy blow to imperialist rule, promoted the development of the international socialist movement and inspired the liberation struggle of the colonial and semi-colonial people.
"Stalin Model" (Lesson 2)
Formation background evaluation of time characteristics of stratigraphic markers
1936 the new constitution has formulated a highly centralized economic and political system, which was formed when the Soviet Union was surrounded by imperialism and its domestic economy and culture were relatively backward. It has played a positive role in a certain historical stage.
However, this model also has serious drawbacks: first, giving priority to the development of heavy industry, leaving agriculture and light industry in a backward state for a long time; Second, under the planned economy system, one-sided emphasis on output value and output leads to fewer varieties and poor quality of products. Third, the state has taken too many things from farmers, which has seriously damaged the interests of farmers. Farmers have no enthusiasm for production and agricultural output has stagnated for a long time. Fourth, the economic development is extensive, the economic benefit is low, and a lot of resources are wasted.
So in the long run, it seriously hindered the further development of the Soviet Union.
The differences between the Paris Peace Conference and the Washington Conference in terms of time, place, manipulating countries and geographical areas involved (lesson 3)
The time and place of the project control the areas involved in the country.
Paris Peace Conference 19 19 Paris France, Britain, America, Europe, West Asia and Africa.
Washington Conference 192 1 ~ 1922 Washington, the United States, Britain, Japan, East Asia and the Pacific.
1929—— 1933 economic crisis (lesson 4)
The national characteristics of time outbreak affect the way the country gets rid of the crisis.
From 1929 to 1933, the United States began to sweep the whole capitalist world, involving a particularly wide range.
The duration is relatively long.
People who are particularly destructive are in great pain. A large number of workers are unemployed, which leads to the destruction of productive forces, the deterioration of working people's lives and the deepening of social contradictions; Monopoly capitalists destroy a large number of commodities and production; The economic crisis has triggered a political crisis, with sharp social contradictions and political turmoil in capitalist countries. Germany and Japan establish fascist dictatorships.
The United States implemented Roosevelt's New Deal.
Roosevelt's New Deal (Lesson 4)
Time characteristics, purpose, content, effect and influence
During the period of 1933, adjustments were made within capitalism to strengthen state intervention and guidance in the economy, which created a precedent for state monopoly capitalism, and adjustments were made within capitalism to strengthen state intervention and guidance in the economy and eliminate the economic crisis. Main indicators: industrial adjustment. (National Industrial Recovery Law)
Reorganizing banks, adjusting agriculture and building public works, the American economy slowly recovered and people's lives improved; The capitalist system has been adjusted, consolidated and developed; The macro-control and management of the economy in capitalist countries have been strengthened; The power of the American federal government has been significantly enhanced.
The New Deal is of great significance in the history of capitalist development in the United States and the world. It laid a political and economic foundation for the United States to participate in the anti-fascist World War II. But it has not changed the capitalist system, and it is impossible to fundamentally eliminate the economic crisis.
An Overview of World War II (Lessons 6 and 7)
Time, the nature of the process and results of the warring parties.
1939.9. 1 to
1945.9.2 The internal contradictions of imperialist countries and the law of unbalanced political and economic development are at work (the root cause).
Direct cause: the economic crisis of 1929 ~ 1933 accelerated the establishment of the fascist dictatorship of Germany and Japan and the formation of the source of the Eurasian war.
The appeasement policy accelerated the outbreak of the great war (Munich crisis-pushed the appeasement policy to a climax. Time: 65438+September 0938. Manufacturers: German (Hitler), Italian (Mussolini), British (Chamberlain), French (Daladier). Content: It is stipulated that Czechoslovakia must cede Sudetenland and other places to Germany within 10 days. Essence: big countries sacrifice the interests of weak countries for their own interests. Impact: Pushing the appeasement policy to its peak. It stimulated the aggressive ambitions of fascist countries and weakened the anti-fascist forces. Anti-fascist countries: the Soviet Union, China, the United States, Britain and other fascist countries: Germany, Japan, Italy 1, Germany attacked Poland: 1 September 19391,marking the full-scale outbreak of World War II.
2. Germany attacked the Soviet Union: June 194 1.
3. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor:194165438+February 7, marking the further expansion of World War II.
4. The International Anti-Fascist Alliance was established (1942 65438+ 10/; Major countries: the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and medium-sized 26 countries; Sign: sign the joint national statement; Content: Ensure to unite all your human and material resources and completely defeat the fascist countries; Significance: It changed the balance of power and became a powerful guarantee for defeating fascist countries. )
5. Yalta Conference (February1945; Heads of state attending the meeting: the United States (Roosevelt), Britain (Churchill) and the Soviet Union (Stalin); Location: Yalta, Soviet Union; Content: After the meeting decided to defeat Germany, it was necessary to occupy Germany militarily and completely destroy German fascism. At the same time decided to establish the United Nations; The Soviet Union promised to participate in the war against Japanese fascism within three months after Germany surrendered. )
6. Battle of Stalingrad: July1942-February 1943, both sides: the Soviet Union and Germany, symbolizing the turning point of World War II.
7. Normandy Landing:1June 6, 944: Germany, an anti-fascist ally of the United States and Britain, marked the opening of the second battlefield in Europe and accelerated the process of Germany's demise.
8. The Battle of Conquering Berlin:1On May 2nd and 8th, 945, Germany formally signed the surrender. The two sides of the war, the Soviet Union and Germany, marked the end of the European battlefield in World War II and the collapse of Germany.
9. Japan's unconditional surrender: 1945 August15;
Japan officially signed the surrender book-the end of World War II 1 September 2, 945, the world anti-fascist war1,which was an unprecedented catastrophe in human history;
2. It has completely changed the face of the world and influenced the development process of world history.
Table of the historical process of the independent revitalization of Asia, Africa and Latin America (19 from the mid-1950s to the early 1990s) (12 lesson)
Time in Asia, Africa and Latin America
1947 "mountbatten plan" Indian independence, * * *: Nehru
1960 Year of African Independence
Namibia's independence in the 1990s was1990.3-marking the end of the five-century history of European colonists' aggression and enslavement in Africa, and the imperialist colonial system in Africa finally collapsed. The Panamanian people recovered the sovereignty of the Panama Canal from the United States at the end of 1999.
An Overview of American Economic Development after World War II (Lecture 8)
Reasons (characteristics) of performance during the period
It continued to develop in the 1950s and 1960s, especially in the west and south, showing a scene of prosperity. The United States is the most prosperous country in the world and occupies a vast international market. Vigorously develop science and technology education, use high-tech achievements, and improve the production technology of traditional industries; Developing emerging industries and military industries; Government macro-control, improve people's lives and create an environment for economic development.
In 1970s and 1980s, 1 and 1970s, the economy was severely hit and its economic status declined.
2. From 1970s to early 1980s, the economy picked up slowly, but it was plagued by inflation.
During the adjustment period in the middle and late 1980s, the economic situation gradually improved, but the debt burden increased. The United States has become the largest debtor country in the world. Economic development is limited. 1, the disadvantages of economic development were exposed, and the oil prices in the Middle East rose sharply, which triggered the world economic crisis of 1974- 1975.
2. Inflation
3. Heavy debts
The economy developed steadily in the 1990s. During this period, the economic policy and economic structure of the United States were very different from the past and entered a new economic era. The main features of the new economy are informatization and globalization. Reform the social economy; Strengthen the development of education science and technology, and promote the development of high-tech represented by information industry; Complete the technical transformation of traditional industries
Cold war policy (lesson 14)
Conceptual reasons: The symbol of the beginning of the Cold War shows the symbolic influence of the formation and end of the bipolar pattern.
The United States led the western capitalist countries to take all hostile actions against the Soviet Union and other socialist countries except armed attacks in order to "contain" communism. Conflicts of national interests;
Ideological differences. The introduction of Truman Doctrine marked the official rupture of the wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union and the beginning of the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. (Time:1March, 947, Truman proposed: "Contain communism", interfere in other countries' internal affairs, and step up control over other countries' plans and policies. ) Politically: "Truman Doctrine"
Economically: "Marshall Plan"
Militarily: the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;
The United States established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949),
The Soviet Union established the Warsaw Pact. ( 1955)
End:
199 1 disintegration of the Soviet union 1, the struggle between the two great powers triggered world turmoil and regional conflicts;
2. Even, avoiding the outbreak of a new world war.
The "Globalization" Trend of the World Economy (Lesson 16)
Performance impact
1, international investment and international trade grew rapidly.
The influence of multinational corporations has increased.
3. The globalization of production activities is accelerating.
4. The World Trade Organization is an important embodiment of the development of world economic globalization.
1 995 65438+1October1day: the barriers to economic exchanges among countries have gradually decreased, which has promoted the development of the world economy; Countries' economies are interdependent and competitive, which is beneficial for developing countries to participate in economic competition.
Disadvantages: developing countries are at a disadvantage in international competition because of their relatively weak scientific and technological level and economic strength, which widens the gap between the rich and the poor in developing countries and developed countries; The unfair behavior of some multinational companies; The impact of international economic risks on developing countries has further increased.
The relationship between economic globalization and China is that opportunities and challenges coexist (in 200 1 year, China successfully hosted the 9th Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) meeting, and in 200 1 year, China officially became a member of the World Trade Organization).
Overview of the third scientific and technological revolution (lesson 17)
The main symbol of time and the influence of the main achievements of the core
In the forties and fifties of last century, mankind made great breakthroughs in the fields of atomic energy, computers, aerospace technology and bioengineering. Core: The widespread use of electronic computers.
The core of bioengineering is genetic engineering. Nuclear power plant, computer, Internet, cloning technology, etc. First of all, this new technological revolution not only produced a lot of scientific achievements, but also greatly accelerated the transformation of science and technology into productive forces and shortened the process of transforming knowledge into material wealth;
Secondly, various fields of science and technology permeate each other, and the development of one technology causes several technological revolutions;
Third, new technology has become the most active factor in social productive forces. Among various factors that promote economic growth, the proportion of scientific and technological progress is rising. 1, the third scientific and technological revolution promoted the unprecedented development of productive forces and further caused changes in the world economic structure and the international economic structure;
2. All countries in the world are vigorously developing science and technology and improving their position in the international structure, thus promoting the multipolarization of the world economic structure;
It has greatly changed the life style of human beings.
A survey of three scientific and technological revolutions
Names, dates and influences of major national symbols, major inventions and achievements.
Industrial Revolution (65438+60s) The wide application of British steam engines, the invention of Jenny's machine, Watt's improvement of steam engines, steamboats, trains 1, and mankind entered the "age of steam".
Most people who invent machines are technicians and workers with practical experience.
3. Started in the light industry sector.
It first happened in Britain, and slowly spread to the surrounding areas.
5. Textile, machine building, metallurgy, mining, transportation and other departments have become the five pillars, 1, and productivity has increased.
Great changes have taken place in the social outlook.
Capitalism finally defeated feudalism, and western capitalist countries gradually established their rule over the world, and the world formed a situation in which the west was advanced and the east was backward.
3. The division and opposition between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat.
The second scientific and technological revolution (electric power revolution) was 65,438+70s in 2009-the widespread application of electric power and internal combustion engines in the early 20th century: generators, trams, wired telephones, wireless telegrams, electric lights, internal combustion engines, automobiles and airplanes 1, and technology began to be closely integrated;
2. It happened in several developed capitalist countries almost at the same time and spread rapidly;
3. In some countries, the two industrial revolutions crossed;
With the widespread use of electricity, mankind has entered the "electrical age". 1, which greatly improved productivity, improved people's lives and caused profound changes in social life;
2. It has expanded the scope of people's activities, strengthened the communication between people, and closed the links around the world, providing a wide range of ways for economic development.
The third scientific and technological revolution (new scientific and technological revolution) made great breakthroughs in the fields of atomic energy, computers, aerospace technology and bioengineering, including nuclear power plants, computers, the Internet and cloning technology.
Core: The widespread use of electronic computers.
The core of bioengineering is genetic engineering. 1, which accelerates the transformation of science and technology into productive forces and shortens the process of transforming knowledge into material wealth;
2. Mutual infiltration in the fields of science and technology;
3. New technology has become the most active factor in social productivity. Among various factors that promote economic growth, the proportion of scientific and technological progress is rising. 1, the third scientific and technological revolution promoted the unprecedented development of productive forces and further caused changes in the world economic structure and the international economic structure;
2. All countries in the world are vigorously developing science and technology and improving their position in the international structure, thus promoting the multipolarization of the world economic structure;
It has greatly changed the life style of human beings.