Beijing official, a wonderful habit of cruel treatment of prisoners of war in ancient times. When reading Ancient History of China, two uncommon words "Jing Guan" occasionally pop up, which beginners often misinterpret as "Jing Shi Landscape", which is ridiculous and far apart. Actually, it is not. Looking at this seemingly "high above" name, there is a huge war atrocity hidden, which can be described as extremely cruel, bloody and ugly. It turns out that the so-called view of Beijing in history books, "Beijing" is a tall mound built artificially; The shape of this "landscape" is a doorway and a memorial archway. The combination of "Jingguan" is to kill all prisoners of war cruelly, pile the bodies on the road, cover the soil and compact them, and build a tall mound in the shape of a square shovel, also called "Wu Jun", which aims to show off martial arts and shock the enemy. Jing Guan: Jing is called Gao Qiu; Looking at it, it is also awkward. The ancients killed a thief, won the battle and buried the body. They must build a temple in Beijing, thinking it was a place to hide the body. The ancient battlefield is there. (Zhang Dai's Night Flight) Looking at the history of ancient wars, when did the inhuman and wonderful bloody habit of "watching" open the devil's cork? According to historical records, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period, the practice of Jingguan had been widespread on the battlefield (indicating that it first began in the Western Zhou Dynasty and even earlier in the Xia and Shang Dynasties). In 597 BC, in the battle of Chu Jin, which laid the foundation for Chu Zhuangwang's "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period", the Chu army seized the shortcomings of the Jin generals' discord, poor command, and consideration of Qin Jun's sneak attack, and defeated their opponents in one fell swoop. The corpses of the Jin army were everywhere, and the Chu army won an unprecedented victory. After the war, Pan Dangjian, the minister of the State of Chu, proposed to build a military force on the battlefield and use the bones of the enemy (the Jin army) to build a view of Beijing to show martial arts and deter the State of Jin. ""Why don't you build Wu Jun, and collect gold for the view of Beijing corpse? I heard that I can defeat the enemy, so I will show it to future generations so as not to forget my martial arts. " (Zuo Zhuan? "Twelve Years of Gong Xuan") This should be the first appearance of the earliest recorded "Jing Guan" in history books. According to the incomplete statistics in the Chronicle of China War, in China's 5,000-year history, various forms of wars have been continuous, with more than 2,000 large-scale wars recorded in writing, with an average of about once every 2.5 years. In these wars and historical periods of wars, bloody and barbaric acts such as killing prisoners of war, building a Beijing view in the north and showing off force have occurred from time to time, and sometimes even become bad habits followed by the victors. During the Warring States Period, the "Skull Platform" of Yan State wore the costumes of ancient soldiers. In the 28th year of Yan Zhaowang (284 BC), Yan Zhaowang sent general Le Yi to lead the Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Qin and Chu armies to crusade against Qi. The allied forces of the six countries successively captured many cities in Qi, captured many enemy leaders alive and won a great victory. At that time, Yan Bing's reward was based on the head, so Yan Bing returned to Yan State with the head of enemy soldiers, piled up in the capital, and built a "skeleton platform" (Beijing view), which was covered with soil and sealed with mud. It was very spectacular. Up to now, there are still dozens of such "skull platforms" in the ruins of the old capital of Yan State (Yixian County, Hebei Province), and the total number of skeletons is more than hundreds of thousands. This method of taking the head as a symbol of victory was limited to the Yan State in the Warring States Period, and it was despised by people because of its cruelty and blood. At the end of the Western Han Dynasty, Wang Mang established the capital to keep the end of the Western Han Dynasty. Wang Mang, who usurped the imperial power, was good at restructuring. He often talks about the way of saints and the way of benevolent people. Now he violated his core interests, but he was slaughtered. In the fifth year of the Yuan Dynasty (AD 6), Wang Mang poisoned Han Pingdi, who was 14 years old. In order to control the political power, Liu Ying, the great grandson of Emperor Xuandi, who was only two years old, was appointed as the Crown Prince. The self-proclaimed "emperor" caused strong opposition from local officials, mainly Liu's imperial clan. In the second year of Jushe (AD 7), Zhai Yi, the prefect of Dongjun County, rose up and made Liu Xin, the Hou of Yan Township, emperor. Zhao Ming, a "thief" in 23 counties west of Chang 'an, also rebelled in response, and his troops soon gathered hundreds of thousands of people. Wang Mang was surprised and angry, and quickly mobilized troops to put out the rebels. After suppressing Zhai Yi and others, he brutally killed these rebel soldiers and their families in their respective hometowns as punishment. ""Gavin, an ancient man, disrespected cutting, took his whale salamander to build an army and thought it was a big slaughter, so he visited Beijing to punish it. People who rebelled against Liu Xin and Zhai Yi rebelled in the East ... They gathered at the side of the passage with whale giants (victims' bodies) who rebelled against Liu Xin and Zhai Yi. Puyang, Wuyan, Li Huai and Fan Kun were all six feet high, more than six feet high, and they were built into the watch wood of Wujun (Beijing), more than six feet high. The book says,' anti-Lu, anti-thief, whale giant'. In the long run, officials will often follow Qiu's route to punish her by not letting the bad guys lose. "(Han Zhai Chuan) follwed" Five Thousand "copper coin Sima Yi built a view of Beijing in 237 AD, and the former Wei Liaodong satrap Gongsun Yuan rebelled and claimed to be a prince. The following year, Sima Yi led 40,000 troops to crusade against the rebels. It was rainy season in July, and it rained cats and dogs for more than a month. The Liaohe River has skyrocketed, and the water in Wei Jun Daying is more than a foot deep. Many soldiers have the idea of withdrawing troops from the village, but Sima Yi thinks that the enemy has more people and less food, so it is impossible to keep it for a long time, and still insists on the strategy of attacking the city with Israeli troops. As expected, the biography of the reflection of Gongsun Du records: I am anxious. Food ran out, people ate people and died a lot. General Zuo Yang and the others have fallen. When Gongsun Yuan saw that the people were frightened and the army was demoralized, he was very afraid, so he sent messengers to hand in the surrender. Sima Yi said, "There are five major things for a military strategist, that is, to fight if you can fight, to abide by the rules, and not to abide by them if you go. The other two things are only to fall and die." If you refuse to prick your face, you will sleep to death. "Soon, Wei Jun breached the city and Gongsun Yuan and his son were beheaded. Sima Yi, a great military strategist in the film and television image, hid the needle in cotton to avoid any future trouble, and ordered a massacre, killing more than 7,000 officials, soldiers and civilians, thus constructing a shocking "view of Beijing". That man was killed by more than 7,000 people at the age of fifteen, thinking he was in Beijing. Puppet officials and officials were punished, killing more than 2000 people, including their general Bi Sheng. (The Book of Jin Xuandi Ji) Ancient Siege Scenery After the Northern Wei Dynasty, Yan "participated in the nearby war". In 395 AD in Jing Guan, Prince Murong Bao of Houyan led 80,000 Houyan troops to attack the Northern Wei Dynasty. Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, adopted the strategy of "the enemy advances and we retreat, luring the enemy into the depth, dragging on without fighting", crossing the Yellow River in the south and confronting the army of Houyan across the river. Because of the cold weather, Hou Yan's army could not make a quick decision because of the long journey, and mistakenly believed the news of Mu Rongchui's death, so he decided to take the opportunity to retreat. However, the 20,000 Northern Wei army led by Tuoba GUI was defeated in the north of Shenhe River, tens of thousands of Yan troops were killed or injured, and another 40,000 to 50,000 people were captured alive. Tuoba GUI, who was far-sighted, was going to send clothes and food to the prisoners at that time, so as to attract Zhongzhou scholars and make the people submit. I didn't know there were different voices in XieCiLi, but Wang Jian, an adult of the Central Committee, suggested killing all the prisoners, and the reason was very good, which won unanimous praise from all the generals. Wang Jian, an adult in central China, said, "Yan people are strong, and now they have arrived in China." Fortunately, I won a great victory. I might as well kill them, and their country will be empty and easy to take. "And get coach longitudinal, nothing is impossible! (Zi Tong Zhi Jian, Volume 180) So, all the 40,000 to 50,000 Yan Jun captured in the "Battle of Vicia" were killed, which became a Beijing view. The cruelty and bad influence of watching made Tuoba GUI feel very sorry afterwards. Tuoba GUI, Emperor Daowu of the Northern Wei Dynasty, built Helian Bobo in Beijing and visited Helian Bobo during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. He was the founder of Hu Xia during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. He is smart, alert, treacherous and fierce, which can be called Helian Bobo's character label. Uncle Lian also likes killing people. As long as he hates people, he has to kill them himself. The means are extremely cruel, and there are many atrocities in the war. After Helian Bobo became king, he proposed to South Liang Guojun. South Liang Guojun was bald and had a mattress tan, and his hot face touched a cold one. Feeling insulted, he flew into a rage and led 20 thousand people to crusade. From Yang Fei (now Yongdeng County, Gansu Province) to Zhiyang (Zhiyang), more than 10,000 people were killed, 27,000 people were captured and hundreds of thousands of cattle, horses and sheep were returned. Mat sandalwood led the pursuit. Digging a hole and burying a car to block the road in a narrow place in Wu Yang. When the two armies met, Tan sent sharpshooters to shoot down the vigorous left arm. Vigorously assembled the masses to counterattack, defeated Tan Jun, hunted for more than 80 miles, beheaded tens of thousands of people, beheaded more than 10 of them, and famous ministers bravely killed the enemy. Vigorous corpse seal, do Beijing view, number "skull". Emperor Taizong's plan to build Beijing in North Korea and Emperor Taizong's clean-up plan to build Beijing in the magnificent unified war at the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, in order to shock their opponents, the warring parties built Beijing maps by killing the enemy or beheading the bodies of prisoners, so that after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the wonderful by-product of this war-building Beijing maps was found everywhere, and even some were historical landscapes left by the previous dynasty. " "Shatuo army and thief will (rebel generals in the late Tang Dynasty) Zhao Zhang and Jean Shang fought in Chengdian, and the thief army was defeated. They ran to Liangtianpo and died for three miles. Wang Chongrong built a body for Beijing. " ("Old Tang Book") Emperor Taizong, who was bent on creating a "prosperous time", was extremely disgusted with this cruel and inhuman view of Beijing. In February of the fifth year of Zhenguan (AD 63 1 year), Emperor Taizong ordered the leveling of Beijing officials all over the country and the burial of their bodies. ""every state has its own views on Beijing, and there are no old and new problems. It is appropriate to cut it and add soil as a grave to cover up the decay and not reveal its shape. " (Zi Zhi Tong Jian Ji Tang) In 6 12 AD, Emperor Yang Di sent a million troops to conquer Koguryo. Tens of thousands of South Korean soldiers' bodies were built into "Jing Guan" by China to show their military strength and shock the Central Plains. After several conquests, Sui Jun finally failed because he didn't have the right time and place. In 644 AD, Emperor Taizong sent a letter to the East to conquer Korea. Wherever the army went, it demolished the Jing Guan built by North Korea and reburied Sui Jun's body. ""The people who crossed the Liao Dynasty in the Sui Dynasty were not praised by God. They joined the army and looked at vilen's bones. Lament is a good thing. Concealing the meaning of the skeleton is the first code, and its order is taken away. Mongolian Khan-Genghis Khan's Central Asian Edition Jing Guan AD13rd century, Jing Guan's bloody and cruel habit, accompanied by the Mongolian iron hoof sweeping Eurasia, also spread to foreign countries and other places. According to historical records, in 1220, after the Mongols conquered Samarkand, the capital of Hualamozi, they once slaughtered the city and built their heads into "Jing Guan" outside the city. This cruel war, which lasted for two years, not only completely destroyed a huge Central Asian empire, but also brought Genghis Khan's cruel way of fighting to the west. In particular, this kind of tall corpse tomb, although it played a so-called role in scaring the enemy for a while, was extremely bloody and barbaric and hated by people, which led to the infamous Mongolian cavalry and was criticized by western European historians for its bloody massacre. The famous Russian painter Vereshakim's Worship of War, which has been handed down to this day, gives a realistic description of this war atrocity, which can be called the "Beijing view" of Central Asia. I saw a skeleton mountain in the center of this shocking picture, and crows gathered in the sky, desolate and horrible; The land is barren, and behind it is looming that it has just experienced a big war and some broken Samarkand. "Worship of war" makes people feel creepy, and then reflect. "War worship" Jing Guan is dying out. The real purpose of war is to eliminate cruelty and achieve peace, rather than "fighting violence with violence". War is endless. Just like at the beginning of the article, the minister suggested to Chu Zhuangwang that the other side's prisoners and bodies should be built into Beijing to show off martial arts and deter the enemy. However, Chu Zhuangwang, who has a good eye and wants to rule the world with benevolence, resolutely disagreed with this bad idea, thinking that you didn't know it. Wen Fu, stop fighting for power. " The word "Wu" is a combination of the words "stop" and "go". The real elimination of riots is to stop using weapons forever, which is the real martial virtue), and lists the seven virtues of martial virtue (prohibiting violence, using troops, protecting the country, making meritorious deeds, keeping the people safe, harmonious and prosperous), and reflects on their own shortcomings one by one. Wude Qide, I have nothing. How can I show it to my children and grandchildren? What's more, these Jin armies are all loyal to their country. What is the crime? How can their bodies be regarded as a scene in Beijing? Therefore, the deceased of 8 Jin Jun was properly buried today. Chu Zhuangwang's ideas of "conquering the enemy without fighting" and "not building Peiping" shine with precious human brilliance and become legendary stories in history. With the progress of social civilization and the implementation of preferential treatment policy for prisoners of war, Jing Guan, a bloody and cruel habit that has been followed for thousands of years in the history of ancient wars, was thrown into the garbage dump of the times, gradually forgotten by people and lost in the long river of history. /kloc-Mongolian cavalry in Chu Zhuangwang in the 3rd century.