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Selected works of history Liu Yichuan
It is considered that it is not good for Wei to manage officials with the nine-product system. It can only be regarded as an expedient measure, because only the immediate future can be seen, and the harm of the future can not be seen. Instead of selecting outstanding talents, there are eight disadvantages, so the emperor wrote to change this situation. He said:

I've heard that the rulers, based on their ability to grant officials, have three difficulties, but they are related to the rise and fall of the country. It is hard to know, for one thing; Love and hate are hard to prevent, which is two; It's hard to say whether it's true or not. This is three. Now, we should set up Zhongzheng, evaluate the Nine Grades, and be free to rise or fall, with honor or disgrace in hand. It has the power of the emperor and the power of the court. Love and hate are all in themselves, and they are irresponsible for the assessment of the public, and they are not afraid to report to the private. Try your best to reach out to all the people. The atmosphere of honesty and humility has disappeared, and the custom of muddling along has formed. There is chaos in the world, only fighting for rank and official position, but never listening to humility. I'm ashamed of Sheng Chao.

It is true to describe the situation in order to catch talents, and to judge people in order to seek truth from facts and criticize fairness. The key to national security cannot be ignored. Honesty and justice are the bright side of political education; Distorting the facts is the dark side of turmoil and destruction, and we must observe it clearly. However, everyone has his own strengths and few generalists. Only size will make you famous sooner or later. To correct evil, we should get constant new returns; If you don't meet your talents, you will get a reputation for integrity; Vision and indifference to trivial matters deserve an extraordinary evaluation; Honesty is natural and unadorned, worthy of a pure and true reputation; Excellent talents who do little should be valued and trusted. Therefore, the three benevolent people reach the same goal by different routes, and the four sons are different, but they are all upright. Chen Ping and Han Xin were teased and insulted in the village, but they made contributions to the emperor. Neither Qu Yuan nor Wu Zixu can be tolerated by the monarch, but their names remain in history, which should be shown by appropriate comments.

At present, Chiang Kai-shek does not look at real talent and practical learning, but only relies on gang interests; Doing things unfairly is based on personal feelings. What you want to give, fake help him become famous; You want him to play, you find fault. Rank depends on the strength of power, and right or wrong depends on personal love and hate. With the rise and fall of the world, the same person has changed within ten days, no matter whether he is truly talented or knowledgeable, weak or helpful. Or bribe yourself to get permission, or go with the accountant for promotion. People who rely on others will achieve their goals, and those who abide by principles will be embarrassed and sad. If you are not good to yourself, you will be ruined; If it's good for you, you must get it. Therefore, no senior official was born in poverty, and no inferior official was born in power. Even if there is, there are other reasons. Bullying the monarch and the world is actually the source of troubled times. This is one of the shortcomings of do Zheng Zhi system.

When the central government is established, everyone will obey it with the clear discussion of the state, and those who are dissatisfied can be restrained and unified. It doesn't mean that a person can know the talents of a country, and he can't be judged if he doesn't know who the person being judged is. In this way, from Confucius and above, as for sacrifice, everyone is at fault and can't do it. Why only blame ordinary people! If you are particularly poor, you can naturally choose again. Now pay attention to his authority and despise him. After establishing the competitive level, pay a return visit to Diao You. He was neither handed over by the state nor placed by his authority. Asking him now, letting the right surrender to the disobedient and letting the unimportant decide things will encourage slanders and produce contradictions. It seems that this is not the original intention of establishing the church and state, but to govern the secular and be deeply guarded. The person in charge was friendly with Diao You, who was demoted and elected as two thousand stones. Liu Liang improved Diao You's grade, Shi Bao punished Diao You's work, and the whole state was criticizing each other, and hatred was forged among the ministers. The dispute between wives and concubines brought disaster to Wu Chu: The cockfighting incident brought disaster to Lu. Therefore, some people struggle with each other, cronies appear, criminal prisons breed, and curses are forged. This is one of its shortcomings.

Based on the principle of establishing hierarchy, it is like stringing fish in a second arrangement to make interpersonal relationships orderly. Set up nine categories and rank the inferior, that is to say, talents and virtues have advantages and disadvantages, and people have generations. Now Chiang Kai-shek, for their long-term plans, has suppressed one side, so that there is no top grade; Those who are immoral and despicable will be chaotic when promoted and can be accommodated. Public achievements became private property. A gentleman has no complaints, and there is no way to punish treacherous court officials in national politics. It makes the upper layer bully the Lord and the lower layer incest. Therefore, the advantages and disadvantages are reversed, and the noble and excellent talents are set below the usual grades, and those with the name of unfilial are put at the forefront. This is its third shortcoming.

Your majesty ascended the throne, enlightened heaven and earth, issued decrees to clear the way, adopted advice and looked at the people's feelings in the world. This is the foundation of peace and a rare method. As for rewards and punishments, from princes to the people, they are all stipulated by law. Establishing justice is entrusted with the heavy responsibility of the country, but there is no preparation for reward and punishment. People's hearts are deceptive, and justice is rare, so there are many lawsuits with complaints. Allowing it will expose people's privacy, and banning it will infringe on innocence endlessly. Although handling cases is cumbersome, it is better than infringing on the innocent. Nowadays, banning litigation will block a country's mouth, cultivate a person's strength and let people do whatever they want. With resentment and truth, the wronged person has been imprisoned for a long time under the election of the wicked without the selfless favor of heaven and earth. It keeps the upper light from reaching, and the lower feelings from reaching. This is the fourth shortcoming.

As early as the holy days, if we want to improve the folk customs and appease the people, we must improve the morality of the village, respect the behavior of the six relatives, and have the same school of ethics, which makes us different from the sages. Xiang Lao wrote down his kindness to the son of heaven, Sima was awarded an official position according to his ability, and the relevant departments decided to raise or lower his performance. So everyone in the world retreats. There is morality in the village, justice in the court, and there is no place for flashy and treacherous people. At present, there are thousands of people in a country who are either in exile or begging for food and clothing in different places, and they don't know what they look like. How can they give full play to their talents? Whether you know it or not, when it comes to evaluation, you get a good reputation from the government and a bad reputation from rumors. Believe that you will be blinded by ignorance, and listen to others will be limited by their limitations. It's just love and hate for people you know, but it's just a relationship for people you don't know. It is neither the reputation of the old villagers' records nor the imperial examination. Therefore, those who are officials should seek further from the near, abandon the roots and chase the end. The official position is obtained by begging, not by behavior. The grades are not judged by merit, and the flattery of cronies is false. This is its fifth shortcoming.

Generally speaking, the reason to judge political achievements by achievements is to seek talents and govern the people, not a matter of good or bad reputation. Filial piety can't be used in the imperial court. It can only give lectures outside the family and can't express feelings. As an official, people have great powers and responsibilities, and things are difficult, and each has its own advantages. This is the practicality and responsibility of people. Now, on the contrary, when it comes to the time limit for achievement, although the position is very high, it is at a very low level. People who have no political achievements have obtained high grades, created people who have made contributions, and advocated false reputation. On the one hand, it made the imperial examination exist in name only, on the other hand, it helped those who were unrealistic and cliques. This is its sixth shortcoming.

The establishment of official positions should aim at different things, and people's abilities are different. If they use their talents, they will succeed, if they lose them, they will fail. Don't ask whether the talent is suitable now, just let him do it. It is not his skill to select people according to their achievements; In terms of performance, it is limited by grade. If the performance conforms to the actual situation, and the results and performance still interfere with each other, they will be bound by the election and unable to concentrate on their talents. What's more, today's Chiang Kai-shek, those who alienate him belittle the advantages of others, and those who are close to him cover up their own shortcomings. If you talk empty words and think that your reputation is empty, your achievements and abilities will not match. How do you handle things? This is its seventh shortcoming.

In those days, the few books awarded by Jiupin must be about good and evil, thinking that it is good or bad. There were few taboos at that time. In today's Chiang Kai-shek, demotion doesn't make clear the mistakes of the other side, promotion doesn't list the good things of the other side, gives up the purpose of praise and criticism, and only mixes the clear with the turbid by feeling to achieve personal goals. So they violated the early system and made a hullabaloo about inciting people to turn to themselves. The promoted person has no credit to motivate him, and the demoted person has no fault to punish him. If rewards and punishments are unclear, the atmosphere will be dirty. How to make everyone focus on human accidents without slacking off their virtues? This is its eighth shortcoming.

From this point of view, if you don't choose the right person, you will be righteous, and if you don't reward or punish him, you will be given power, or if you don't restrain yourself, you will lack righteousness. Therefore, evil spirits are rampant and unjust prisons are everywhere. Although it is called Zhongzheng, it is actually evil; Although it is in the nine grades, it has eight harms. Or hatred between relatives, or suspicion between flesh and blood, when trapped in the middle of the enemy, children and grandchildren avoid harm. However, this is an ancient disaster, not just a present disaster. Therefore, you legislate to prevent rape and eliminate chaos, and there is no constant system, and the week increases or decreases with Yin. When it comes to Zhong Zheng Jiu Pin, ancient sages don't need it. Is it because you are blinded by this matter that you are not comprehensive? Is to attach importance to political education without. Since its establishment, Wei has not been recorded by people, but has brought hatred and unkindness. Moral corruption is not conducive to education, and there is nothing more wrong than sending. I think we should recall Zhongzheng, abolish Jiupin, abandon Cao Wei's flawed laws and establish a beautiful system.

From this point of view, Zheng Zhong, who was selected, was not a suitable candidate, but was given power without rewards and punishments. Sometimes, no one acts as a righteous person, which leads to the loss of restraint, so the treacherous party member can be unscrupulous, bend the law and run amok. Although the position is called Zhongzheng, it is actually an evil place; I am engaged in the duties of a do official, but I have caused too much damage. Some have forged hatred and suspicion among their relatives, and once they fall into the hands of the enemy, their descendants will also suffer. This is the scourge of past dynasties, not just now. So according to the Yin Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty was reduced and increased. As for the Nine Grades of Being in the Middle School, the ancient sages were unwilling to do it, probably because they were worried that they would be deceived, and that there were incomplete places, and the proper places that would be taught by orthodoxy could not be obtained from them. I have never seen such a great contribution since the founding of Wei, but I am distressed by meanness. Destroying customs is not conducive to education, and there is nothing more serious than mistakes in ancient and modern times. I think we should get rid of the nine products of harmony, abandon Wei's evil laws and establish a beautiful legal system for a generation.

After he finished writing the letter, the emperor ordered everyone to discuss it together. Later, Wei Guan and others also wrote to abolish the do system and restore the ancient village selection and recommendation system, but the emperor did not agree.