From 65438 to the 1960s, Britain took the lead in starting the first industrial revolution. By the forties of 19, the British industrial revolution was basically completed, and the large-scale machine production in Britain basically replaced the workshop handicraft industry and became the "world factory". At the end of 2008 and the beginning of 2009, the industrial revolution also began in France and the United States. Since 1960s, the achievements of industrial revolution have been introduced to China, Japanese and other countries. From 65438 to 1970s, the second industrial revolution was carried out almost simultaneously in several developed capitalist countries, which greatly developed the productive forces. The third scientific and technological revolution, which began at the end of World War II, has continued to this day, and its scale, speed and influence have far exceeded the previous two.
1. The industrial revolution first appeared in this department. 1765, Hargreaves invented "",which started the industrial revolution. 1785, watt made an improved steam engine, and human society entered "". In 18 14, Sun Qijun invented the steam locomotive. It has become the main organizational form of industrial production and plays an increasingly important role. /kloc-after the 0/9th century, the American industrial revolution developed rapidly and many new inventions appeared. 1807, American Fulton's test flight was successful. Sewing machines and tractors were invented one after another; In particular, the production methods of machine parts were adopted and popularized, which promoted the popularization of machines.
2. After1870, the achievements of applying science and technology to industry are mainly manifested in four aspects, namely, the wide application of science and technology, the creation of tools, the invention of means and the establishment of industry. The most remarkable achievement of the second industrial revolution is its wide application. 1866 made by Siemens, Germany; In the 1970s, practical generators came out. , trams, movie projectors, etc. Coming out one after another. Humans enter. The 65438+70s and 80s used gas and gasoline as fuel, and a diesel engine was successfully built in 1990s. German karl benz and others have successfully made engines driven by internal combustion engines. Diesel locomotive, ocean-going ship, etc. Rapid development; The invention of internal combustion engine promoted the development of petroleum exploration industry. The 65438+ telephone was invented by Americans in the 1970s, and the wireless telegraph was successfully tested in Italy in the 1990s. 1867 invented the explosive, and improved the smokeless powder technology in 1980s, which greatly promoted the industrial development. Plastics and man-made fibers have been put into production and practical use.
3. The new technological revolution since the 1940s and 1950s is represented by technology, technology and application, including molecular biology and genetic engineering. Since 1990s, there has been a new development trend.
1. The influence of the first industrial revolution
(1) greatly improved productivity and consolidated the ruling foundation of all countries.
(2) The great changes caused by information technology have increasingly split society into two opposing classes; Promoted the rise of modern cities.
(3) The industrial revolution triggered three ideological trends: capitalism (theory: 1776) The Wealth of Nations, published by Adam Smith in Britain, put forward the idea of harmony, opposed the mercantilist policy and represented the interests of the industrial bourgeoisie. 65438+From the 1920s to the 1970s, the bourgeois revolution and reform movement flourished, gradually defeating the feudal forces and taking power. In the19th century after the industrial revolution, liberalism became the mainstream of human historical development. Russia, risorgimento, Germany, the United States and Japan are all outstanding manifestations of this trend); Socialism (the early workers' movement was composed of the French uprising and the British movement. The workers' uprising broke out in the 1848 revolution, published and established, and 187 1 commune appeared. , showing the vitality of this historical trend); Nationalism (industrial revolution) accelerated the occupation of colonies by industrial countries, expanded the market, and stimulated the upsurge of national independence movement. Asia is the most representative national movement in colonial and semi-colonial countries. The Javanese people's anti-Dutch uprising, the people's anti-British uprising, the Iranian uprising, the China movement and the great national uprising constituted the Asian revolutionary storm. These movements belong to the traditional old-fashioned rebel movements, and they all failed. Most national movements in Europe are capitalist in nature. Such as risorgimento and both belong to this kind of sports).
(4) Changes in production organization and industrial structure: Handicraft workshops were replaced by a system; The rise of urbanization; The economic system with rural areas and agriculture as the main body has become an economic system with harmony as the main body, and human history has begun to transition from agricultural civilization to civilization.
(5) Impact on the world pattern: The industrial revolution greatly strengthened their relationship and finally established the dominant position in the world; Become the world hegemon; Most countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have become colonies and semi-colonies of capitalist powers in Europe and America, and are subordinate to them. The capitalist world system was initially formed.
2. The influence of the second industrial revolution
(1) Productivity has been greatly improved, and major capitalist countries have entered the stage; The socialist movement developed further, and the Second International was established in July 1889. "Marxism in the Age of Imperialism" was born in the early 20th century. People's movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America are constantly rising, especially the May 4th Movement, which has new features of the bourgeois democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism.
(2) causing changes in the form of production organization and industrial structure: the second industrial revolution led to the emergence of organizations and pushed liberal capitalism to the capitalist stage; The degree of industrialization has been greatly improved, and the total output value of major capitalist countries has surpassed that of agriculture, changing from light industrial countries to heavy industrial countries.
(3) The influence on the world structure at that time: the great powers stepped up their external expansion, and the capitalist world system was finally formed and finally established; The economic development of imperialist countries has intensified, and fierce struggles have been launched around competition.
3. The influence of the third scientific and technological revolution
(1) has greatly promoted the development of society; Promote the development of monopoly capitalism.
(2) It has promoted great changes in social structure and social structure, and the proportion of industries has increased.
(3) Promote the adjustment of the international pattern. Competition is playing an increasingly important role in international economic competition, widening the economic gap between developed countries and bringing opportunities and challenges to the country.