Bao Zheng (999- 1062), a native of Hefei, Luzhou (Hefei, Anhui), was a scholar in Tiansheng for five years in the Northern Song Dynasty (1027).
After entering the Jinshi, because his parents are old, he can't bear to go far away to be an official. It was not until his parents died one after another and his filial piety was completed that he was persuaded by his relatives and friends to become an official. During this period, he was famous for his filial piety in the countryside for ten years.
Song served as the magistrate of Tianchang (Anhui Tianchang) for four years (1037), with considerable political achievements. After taking office, he was transferred to Zhiduan Prefecture (Zhaoqing, Guangdong). After returning to Beijing, he was appointed as the censor and changed to a "speech officer". Officials who misbehave or violate the law may be impeached. In order to punish corrupt officials, in August of the fourth year of Qing Dynasty (1044), he issued begging officials to Renzong who did not take bribes, thinking that honesty was a model for people and stolen goods were "thieves". Bao Zheng wrote to Wang Kui seven times, exposing his "heart like a snake and scorpion" and harming the people. And severely criticized Song Ting's official appointment system. From the second year of your life (1050) to the third year of your life, Bao Zheng Zhijian Institute impeached Zhang Yaozuo, a consort, three times, trying to find out the extraordinary fraud case of the devil Leng Qing pretending to be a prince, which shocked the ruling and opposition parties.
During his tenure as a judge and deputy minister of the Third Division, Bao Zheng served as a transit ambassador in JD.COM, Shaanxi and Hebei. Everywhere he went, he took it as his duty to reduce the burden on the people, get rid of disadvantages and develop production, and put forward the economic thought of "benefiting the people and the country" Many times, for the sake of state affairs, the emperor said something that he didn't like to hear, criticized the minister's power, and asked him to stop the favor given by the emperor to the cronies and bureaucrats, and everything was changed to the normal channels of the competent departments. He wrote three memorials from Wei Zhi to Emperor Taizong, and dedicated them to Song Renzong, as his motto, always be vigilant and concentrate on state affairs. I asked Renzong to be humble and trainable, to distinguish right from wrong, not to engage in "preconceptions", but to cherish talents, remove harshness, prohibit punishment, prohibit heresy, and not to build at will, and so on, which was adopted and implemented by the court.
In December of the first year of Jiayou (1056), the imperial court appointed Bao Zheng as Kaifeng Prefecture in Quan Zhi. He officially took office in March of the following year and left office in June of three years, only one year before and after. However, in this short period of time, Kaifeng, which is known as intractable, was managed in an orderly manner. Dare to punish the illegal acts of dignitaries, resolutely curb the arrogance of Kaifeng officials, and promptly punish those who falsely accuse unruly people.
Because Bao Zheng was strict in law enforcement, impartial and fearless in Kaifeng, the eunuchs had to restrain themselves, and they were afraid when they heard Bao Zheng's name. All ages, women and children know Bao Zheng's name and affectionately call him "Porter". There is a saying in Kaifeng that "if you can't reach the joints, there will be Yamaraja to support the elderly." . "Yamaraja metaphor Bao Zheng impartial.
In the sixth year of Song Jiayou (106 1), he was an official to a Council secretary and died in May of the following year. "The government and people in Beijing are all sad, and the streets are full of sighs. The imperial court presented a letter to the official department, and fifteen volumes of Playing Musical Instruments were handed down from generation to generation.
Hefei celebrity Bao Zheng
Bao Zheng (AD 999- 1062) was born in Hefei, Luzhou (now Feidong County). He was a scholar at the age of 28. He has served as magistrate and magistrate in Tianchang, Duanzhou, Yingzhou, Yangzhou, Luzhou, Chizhou and Kaifeng. He has also worked in the Ministry of Punishment and the Ministry of War, worked as an assistant ambassador, transshipment and three ambassadors in the Finance Department, and worked as an ambassador and doctor in the Supervision Department. Finally, he became an assistant to the court. He once served as a bachelor in Dazhangge and Longtuge, and was called "Bao Zhi Dai" and "Bao Longtu". Ordinary people prefer to be called "Bao Gong".
The History of Song Dynasty (volume 3 16) and Biography of Bao Zheng said: "It is resolute to save the imperial court. You are a noble eunuch, and you are afraid of it. People laugh at Bao Zheng more than Huang Heqing, and the naive women in the hedge know their names, calling them "everything is guaranteed". The capital said,' If you can't reach your joints, you will have Yamaraja to support you.' Under the old system, you can't go to court. Keep the front door open so that officials dare not bully them. He also said, "Salvation is steep, evil officials are harsh, and service is sincere"; I don't agree with others, and I don't please others. ""I live in a selfless book, so my pro-Party is absolutely out. "Official records of Bao Zheng, is an official. He has done many good things that benefit the people. " He doesn't love Wu Sha but loves the people. "People still remember him behind him. Word of mouth, storytelling novels, drama art, and even contemporary film and television all tell many stories about his integrity. Because of romance, Bao Gong's image is fuller and even deified and legendary. "Bao Qingtian" written by Bao Gong has become an idealized figure that people hope.
The shaping and spreading of Bao Zheng's image began in front of him. However, Bao Gong Opera, which originated in Song Dynasty and flourished in Yuan Dynasty, developed and innovated continuously from Ming and Qing Dynasties to modern times and was deeply loved by ordinary people. Bao Zheng served as Yin in Kaifeng for only one and a half years, and his case-solving story during this period was undoubtedly the most wonderful chapter, which was widely circulated and strongly rendered, and melted into people's fiery "love".
There are 18 kinds of Yuan Dynasty case-solving dramas, and there are 1 1 kinds of writing methods about public trial and judgment, such as "Chen Zhou Milai" written anonymously. Guan Hanqing's "Bao Zhi Dai's Jian Lu Zhai Lang" and so on; More than 20 species were born in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are 100 kinds of Li Bao Palace operas in Yuan Qu Xuan in Ming Dynasty, accounting for 10 kinds of the total. A preliminary study of Beijing Opera shows that 34 Bao Gong plays can be found, such as Jin Wan Ji, Fu Tao Ji, Rouge Ji, Pearl Ji, Double Nail Case, Yang Zhengchao, Cimei Case, Chisang Town, Qi Bao Mian and Crushing.
Bao Zheng in history is certainly not as magical as Bao Gong in the legend or on the stage. He has political posts, military posts, civilian posts, and even idle posts, and has also worked as an admonition officer. Compared with Han Yi, Fu Zhou and Fan Zhongyan, the famous ministers of the same period in the Northern Song Dynasty, his official position and achievements may be slightly inferior, but his immortality is probably mainly due to his integrity and honesty.
For thousands of years, Bao Zheng, as an immortal image of an honest official, has already surpassed time and space. As a descendant of the yellow-skinned dragon and other foreigners who love China and advocate incorruptibility, he has been respected by predecessors and present people. "Having a pure heart as a cure has always been a physical plan. Xiumu will eventually become a building, and fine steel will not make a hook. The warehouse is full of mice and birds, and the grass is full of foxes and rabbits. There is a legacy in history, and it is humiliating. " Bao Zheng's abstinence poems can be regarded as "the teacher of politicians", which embodies the people's wishes.
Unscrupulous Bao Zheng.
After the failure of Fan Zhongyan's New Deal, the political affairs in the Northern Song Dynasty became increasingly corrupt, especially in Kaifeng, the capital, and the atmosphere of corruption and bribery among powerful ministers was very serious. Some royalty are even more unscrupulous, and they simply ignore national laws. Later, the new magistrate Bao Zheng came to Kaifeng, and this situation changed a little.
Bao Zheng, a native of Hefei, Luzhou, served as the county magistrate of Tianchang County (now Tianchang, Anhui Province) in his early years. Once, there was a case in the county. A farmer tied his cow in the cowshed at night. When I got up in the morning, I found the cow lying on the ground with blood dripping from its mouth. When he opened the cow's mouth, he saw its tongue cut off. Angry and sad, the farmer went to the county government to complain and asked Bao Zheng to investigate the person who cut the cow's tongue for him.
Where should I find this headless case? Bao Zheng thought for a moment and said to the complaining farmer, "Don't tell anyone, go back and kill your cow."
Farmers are unwilling to slaughter livestock. According to the law at that time, cattle could not be slaughtered privately. But at first, the cow with its tongue cut off will not live for many days; Secondly, the county magistrate told him to slaughter cattle, so there was no need to be afraid of breaking the law.
When the farmer came home, he really killed the cow. The next day, someone came to the yamen in Tianchang County to report that the farmer had slaughtered cattle privately.
When Bao Zheng asked about the situation, he immediately knelt down and shouted, "What a bold guy, you cut the tongue of someone else's cow, but you came to tell someone to slaughter it?"
That guy froze, kowtowed on the ground and honestly admitted that he did it.
It turned out that the person who cut the cow tongue had a grudge against the farmer, so he cut the cow tongue first and then reported the owner of the cow to slaughter the cow.
Since then, Bao Zheng's reputation as a judge has spread.
Bao Zheng worked as a local official several times. Everywhere he went, he abolished some exorbitant taxes and collected some unjust cases. Later, he was transferred to Beijing as an admonition officer and made many good suggestions. Song Renzong had been trying to rectify the order in Kaifeng before transferring Bao Zheng to Kaifeng.
Kaifeng House is a place where royalty, wealth and power are concentrated. In the past, no matter who was an emissary, it was inevitable to associate with powerful people and accept bribes. After Bao Zheng took office, he was determined to rectify this corrupt atmosphere.
According to the rules of the Song Dynasty, whoever wants to appeal to the yamen must first ask someone to write a complaint and pass it to the magistrate through the yamen beadle. Some litigators and thugs took the opportunity to extort money. Bao Zheng broke this rule. If people want to complain, they can wave the flag and shout in front of the government. As soon as the war drum sounded, the front door of the government office was opened wide, allowing people to go directly to the court for prosecution. As a result, the petty officials in the yamen dare not touch.
One year there was a flood in Kaifeng, and a Huimin River was blocked and the water could not be discharged. According to the survey of Bao Zheng, some eunuchs and dignitaries occupied the river and built gardens and pavilions on it. Bao Zheng immediately ordered the owner to tear down all the buildings on the river. There is a powerful person who won't open it. Kaifeng sent someone to urge him, and the man also argued irrationally and took out a title deed, insisting that the land was his property. Bao Zheng made a detailed inspection and found that the title deed was forged by dignitaries themselves. Bao Zheng was so angry that he ordered people to tear down the garden and wrote a letter exposing Song Renzong. The man saw that things were getting worse, and if Injong really pursued it, it would not be good for him, so he had to tear down the garden obediently.
Some powerful people are too scared to do evil when they hear that Bao Zheng is strict in law enforcement. A powerful man figured out his joints and planned to give Bao Zheng something. He was reminded not to worry about it in vain. Bao Zheng is famous for his integrity. He was an official in Duanzhou (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong). The inkstone made in Duanzhou is a local specialty. According to the regulations of the palace, Duanzhou officials pay tribute to the palace every year. People who are officials in Duanzhou often take the opportunity of paying tribute to the people and embezzle a group in private to please those powerful officials. Guangdong inkstone is dozens of times more than tribute. Later, Bao Zheng came to Duanzhou to collect Guangdong inkstone from the people, but he didn't even add a piece except paying tribute to the imperial court. Until he left Duanzhou, he never asked for a Guangdong inkstone without permission.
Hearing this, the powerful people knew that there was no loophole to exploit, so they had to give up. Later, all the men, women and children in Kaifeng knew that Bao Zheng was a big official. There are two folk songs: "No joints, Yamaraja, Bao Lao." ("Yamaraja" is the legendary god in charge of hell. )
Bao Zheng is also very strict with relatives and friends. Some relatives want to depend on him, but he doesn't take care of him at all. After a long time, relatives and friends all know his temper and are afraid to look for him in personal matters.
Song Renzong highly valued Bao Zheng and promoted him to the rank of a council deputy. He became a big official, and his family life is still very simple, just like ordinary people. Five years later, he died of serious illness, leaving a will saying: future generations are officials, and if they commit corruption, they are not allowed to return home; After death, they are not allowed to be buried in the Bao family cemetery.
Because Bao Zheng was an upright official all his life, he was not only praised by people before his death, but also regarded him as a typical upright official after his death, honoring him as "Bao Gong", or calling him "Bao Gong Zhi Dai", "Bao" and so on (Bao Zheng won the official titles of Gehe Youtuge Bashi). Many stories about Bao Gong's unselfishness and attack on powerful people have been circulated among the people, and have also been compiled into dramas and novels about Bao Gong's handling of cases. Although most of them are fictional legends, they also reflect people's admiration for honest officials.
Brief introduction of Bao Zheng's life
Source: Biography of Corrupt Officials: Jiang Xiaotao Translation Time: [May 16].
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Bao Zheng is from Hefei, Luzhou. At first, he was admitted to the Jinshi, was awarded the judge of Dali and served as the magistrate of Jianchang County. Bao Zheng resigned because his parents were old. When he got the position of inspector and national tax, and his parents didn't want him to leave, Bao Zheng resigned and went home to support the elderly. A few years later, his parents died one after another, and Bao Zheng built a drafting hut next to his parents' grave. Until the mourning period passed, he was still hesitant and reluctant to leave, and his fellow villagers came to comfort and encourage him many times.
After a long time, Bao Zheng accepted this task and became the magistrate of Tianchang County. A thief cut off the tongue of a cow and the owner of the cow came to complain. Bao Zheng said, "Go home and kill the cow and sell it." Before long, someone accused someone of killing cattle without permission. Bao Zheng said, "Why do you say goodbye to people cutting their tongues?" The thief was surprised and envious. Those who moved to Duanzhou were promoted to Temple Cheng. This place in Duanzhou produces inkstones, and his predecessor collected dozens of times of inkstones without authorization and gave them to dignitaries under the guise of tribute. Bao Zheng ordered craftsmen to manufacture only according to the number of the imperial court. A year passed, and he didn't bring an inkstone home.
Soon, Bao Zheng was appointed as the censor, and was appointed as the censor. At that time, Zhang Yaozuo was appointed as our ambassador and the ambassador of Xuanhui Academy. The right admonished Zhang Ze, Tang Jie and Bao Zheng to debate this matter together, and their words were sincere. It has also been suggested: "It is not a good strategy for the state to bribe the Khitan with annual currency to defend against Rong Di. Train foot soldiers, select generals, and enrich and consolidate border defense. " He also asked the imperial court to attach importance to the provincial blockade system, abolish officials who take bribes and bend the law, select local governors, and implement the examination system for Yin-replenishing disciples. At that time, the transshipment ambassadors were also judges, often picking unimportant sections to impeach officials, so they advertised each other and boasted about their cleverness with harsh inspections, which made local officials very uneasy. Bao Zheng then asked the court to abolish the position of provincial judges.
When Bao Zheng arrived in Qidan, Qidan asked the ceremony officer to say to Bao Zheng, "Xiongzhou has just opened a side door. Is it tempting us rebels to spy on frontier intelligence? " Bao Zheng said, "Zhuozhou City has also opened a toilet door. Why do you need to open the toilet door to spy on border information? " Men are speechless.
He used to be the judge of the Third Division of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and served as the transshipment ambassador of JD.COM. He was awarded the post of Yuanwailang and Zhijixian Academy of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of Shangshu, and moved to Shaanxi, Hebei and Beijing, where he served as the deputy ambassador of the Third Division of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. Qin Long Gu Jie specially bought timber for shipbuilding, and arbitrarily collected it from ordinary people. Moreover, there are seven states responsible for providing bamboo ropes for river bridges, often as many as hundreds of thousands. Bao Zheng went to court to stop these levies. The Khitan gathered troops near the border, and the border counties gradually became tense. The court ordered Bao Zheng to transport rations to Hebei. Bao Zheng said, "The land around Zhanghe River is fertile, but the people can't cultivate it. There are 15,000 hectares of private fields in Xingzhou, Zhaosanzhou and other places, all of which are used for grazing horses, and all of them are farmed by the people. " The court granted his request. The salt laws of Xiezhou often put a burden on the people. Bao Zheng to manage, request the court for all trade.
Bao Zheng was appointed as Tianzhangge, which was a court with a system of serving and admonishing. He has repeatedly discussed and reprimanded his favored subjects and asked the court to abolish all improper favors such as granting official positions. He also listed three poems written by Wei Zhi in the Tang Dynasty, hoping that the emperor would take them as his motto and reference. In the last chapter, it is explained that the son of heaven should listen to and adopt the opinions of his subordinates wisely, and distinguish between those who engage in cronyism and those who love to borrow talents, and should not adhere to preconceived subjective opinions. One * * * is seven things; He also called for getting rid of the despicable atmosphere, curbing opportunistic people, amending the criminal code, clearly prohibiting it, not building easily, and prohibiting absurd things. Most imperial courts carried out these opinions.
Bao Zheng holds a bachelor's degree in Longtuge and a transfer ambassador in Hebei. It was suggested that when the border was clear, the troops should move inland, but there was no answer. Now, Bao Zheng demands: "Stop stationing troops in Hebei and station troops in Yanzhou, Luanhe, Qi, Pu, Cao and Jizhou, south of the Yellow River. Even if there is an emergency at the border, don't worry about being too late to dispatch them. " If the border troops can't be reduced at once, please ask the imperial court to train bravely and reduce dry food. The cost of a year is not as good as that of a month's garrison, and the wealth of a state is enough. "Didn't get a reply.
As we all know, when we moved to Yingzhou, every state traded with public funds, and accumulated losses of hundreds of thousands every year, but Bao Zheng's last performance was completely eliminated. Because of his son's death, Bao Zheng requested to take a post in a convenient county, as the magistrate of Yangzhou, and then moved to Luzhou, where he was promoted to be a doctor of punishments. He was convicted because of the sponsor's mistake, and was reduced to the Ministry of War and Chizhou well-known.
The official was reinstated and moved to jiangning house. The court called Youzhi Kaifengfu and was promoted to right secretary. Bao Zheng was resolute in the imperial court, and your eunuch restrained him. People who have heard of Bao Zheng are afraid of him. People laughed at Bao Zheng with a clearer voice than the Yellow River, and children and women knew his name, calling him a "bag to be made". The capital said that he said, "If you can't reach the union, you will have a terrible old man." According to the previous system, anyone's complaint may not go directly to the official court. Bao Zheng opened the door of the yamen, so that people with complaints could directly state their rights and wrongs in front of him, so that small officials did not dare to deceive the chief executive. North Korean officials and powerful families built private gardens and pavilions and occupied Huimin River, thus blocking the river. Due to the flooding in the capital, Bao Zheng destroyed all the gardens and pavilions. Some people used land certificates to falsely report the number of their fields, but Bao Zheng strictly inspected them and impeached the fraudsters.
He was promoted to be an ancient scholar and an ancient scholar. The last play said, "The prince has been vacant for a long time, and everyone in the world is worried. Your majesty has hesitated for a long time. Why? " Renzong said, "Who do you want to be the prince?" Bao Zheng said, "I don't have the talent to hold the post of imperial court. The reason why I asked the emperor to establish a prince in advance is for the long-term interests of the country. Your majesty asked me who I wanted to be a prince, which was a suspicion. I am seventy years old and have no son. I am not a profit-seeking person. " The emperor said happily, "I'll think about it slowly." Bao Zheng demanded to reduce the number of courtiers in the Imperial Palace, reduce and save huge expenses, and instruct all administrative agencies to do their duty. The Imperial Palace can recommend its own officials and reduce the annual holiday date. These things have all come true.
When Zhang served as three ambassadors, he was found guilty of buying real estate, and was summoned by Bao Zheng for impeachment and dismissed from his post. But Song Qi replaced Zhang Fangping, and Bao Zheng was to blame; After Song Qi was deposed, Bao Zheng was appointed as a university student and served as the third secretary. Ouyang Xiu said: "Bao Zheng really said in Zuo Zhuan that' Petunia stepped on other people's land and the owner took it away'. This punishment is already too heavy, and it is not an exaggeration to covet the fat position of the three secretaries! " Bao Zheng therefore stayed at home and avoided it, and it took a long time to come out. When he worked in the Third Division, the items provided by the library were all distributed to counties in other places, and the people were heavily burdened and deeply troubled. Bao Zheng purposely set up a fair trade market to spare the people trouble. Many officials who owed public money and money were detained, fled at the first opportunity and arrested his wife and children. Bao Zheng was released. Be promoted to third secretary. A few days later, he was appointed as the deputy special envoy of the Committee. Then promoted to does assistant minister, was rejected by Bao Zheng. He soon died of illness at the age of 64. The imperial court named him the history of the Ministry of Rites, and posthumous title was "filial piety".
Bao Zheng is rigorous and upright, and he is very disgusted with the harsh wind of officials. He is committed to establishing a sincere and tolerant government. Although he takes evil as his enemy, there is no one who does not pursue government affairs in a sincere and tolerant way, does not casually agree with others, does not pretend to please others, and usually has no private letters. News of relatives and old friends has been cut off. Although the official position is very high, eating, eating, rice, oil and salt are the same as being a civilian. He once said: "future generations are officials and have committed corruption. They are not allowed to set foot in their homes and are not allowed to be buried in graves after death." If you don't follow my ambition, you are not my descendant. "At the beginning, Bao Zheng had a son named Ytterbium who married Cui Shi and died as a judge in Tanzhou. Cui Shi celebrated her late husband's birthday and never remarried. Bao Zheng once sent her engaged daughter away and gave birth to a child at her parents' home. Cui Shi secretly comforted her mother and asked her to take good care of her betrothed daughter. After Bao Yb's death, Cui Shi took the son of his wife home and named him Bao. Bao Zheng has fifteen volumes of memorials. (