1. Historical achievements of Emperor Taizong: Emperor Taizong was an outstanding politician in feudal society of China. Politically: knowing people and being good at their duties, being open-minded and being sages such as Wei Zhi, Fang Lingxuan and Du Ruhui; Abolish redundant staff; Improve the imperial examination system, expand the scale of Chinese studies and select talents; Improve the "three provinces and six departments system" to make the country run orderly; Emperor Taizong was diligent and incorruptible, and his official management was clear. Economically, Emperor Taizong learned the historical lessons from the demise of the Sui Dynasty, put people first, attached importance to agricultural production, and reduced taxes and people. Ethnic policy: Emperor Taizong implemented an enlightened ethnic policy to crack down on the Turkic invasion, but he was lenient to the leaders and people of the Turks, and all ethnic groups in the border areas honored Emperor Taizong as "Tiankhan"; Strengthening the relationship between China and Tibet, Princess Wencheng's entry into Tibet has brought the relationship between China and Tibet closer; Foreign exchange: strengthen exchanges with neighboring countries and send Xuanzang to visit Tianzhu in the west.

2. Rule of Zhenguan: During the reign of Emperor Taizong, politics was clear, economy resumed development, national strength was strong, social order was stable, people lived and worked in peace and contentment, and class contradictions eased. Therefore, it is known as "the rule of Zhenguan".

3. Wu Zetian: The only Wu Zetian in the history of China. Initiating the imperial examination system and martial arts, it is known in history as "opening up a new era with politics and governing macro festivals".

4. The rule and prosperity of Kaiyuan; In the early days of Tang Xuanzong's reign, he made great efforts to govern, appointed virtuous ministers, and restrained virtuous talents. History says: "the rule of Kaiyuan". In the early years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (the Kaiyuan period), the political situation was stable and the economy was prosperous, which was called "the prosperous time of Kaiyuan" in history.

5. Prosperity of prosperous economy: In the Tang Dynasty, agriculture continued to develop, and new farm tools were invented and improved: Qu Yuan plough and gondola car. The ceramic industry developed remarkably in the Tang Dynasty, among which celadon, white porcelain and tri-colored Tang Dynasty were the most famous. Tri-colored Tang Dynasty is a treasure of world craft. In the Tang Dynasty, commerce flourished, and the metropolises in China included Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu. Chang 'an City is divided into Fang and Shi, Fang is a residential area and Shi is a prosperous business district. Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty was considered as the largest city in the world.

6. "An Shi Rebellion" is a sign that the Tang Dynasty turned from prosperity to decline. After the Anshi Rebellion, there was a separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty, and the court was unable to control the buffer region. The scuffle between provinces and villages has brought profound disasters to the people, and the national fiscal revenue has been greatly reduced. Clashes of cronies in the imperial court, eunuch dictatorship, political darkness and corruption.

7. Ethnic relations in the Tang Dynasty: "Tufan" is the ancestor of Tibetans. "Uighur" is the ancestor of the Uighurs. "Mohong" is the ancestor of Manchu people. Nanzhao is the ancestor of Yi and Bai nationalities. "Harmony as one family" refers to the friendly relationship between the Tang Dynasty and Tubo. The friendly relationship between Uncle Che's family and Hong in Tang Dynasty.

8. Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu: Songzan Gambu is an outstanding figure in the history of Tibet and China. During his reign, he created Tibetan, which is today's Tibetan. Formulate official system, military system and law to unify Tubo. Princess Wencheng has done a lot of work for Sino-Tibetan friendship. The craftsmen who went to Tibet with the princess introduced the production technologies of farm tools manufacturing, textile, silk reeling, construction, paper making, wine making, pottery making, grinding and metallurgy from the Central Plains to Tibet.

Songzan Gambo and Princess Wencheng have made important contributions to the friendly exchanges between the Chinese and Tibetan peoples and the progress of Tibetan society.

9. Because of its strong national strength, prosperous economy and developed culture, the Tang Dynasty was respected by all countries and enjoyed a high reputation. From this period on, the Tang Dynasty became the symbol of China, and people of all countries began to call China Tang people, which is still used in some countries.

10. During the Tang Dynasty, China had frequent contacts with Tianzhu, and the most outstanding messenger was the monk Xuanzang. He devoted himself to the translation of Buddhist scriptures, and also wrote "The Western Regions of Datang".

1 1. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen travelled to Japan at the invitation of Japanese monks, and it was not until the sixth time that he succeeded. The Tang and Zhao Temple designed by Jian Zhen in Japan is regarded as a "treasure" by Japan. "Sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty" and "Jian Zhen Dongdu" went to Japan to preach through China monks, and Japanese students went to China to study Confucian culture, indicating that the Tang Dynasty was open to the outside world and promoted Chinese culture overseas; Xuanzang's Journey to the West, on the other hand, shows China people's openness and fighting spirit in learning foreign cultures through the story of China monks going to India to learn Buddhist scriptures.

Special topics on Sui and Tang Dynasties culture

1. Architectural field: The oldest stone arch bridge in the world is the "Zhao Zhouqiao" built by the famous craftsman Li Chun. Chang 'an City (called Daxing City in Sui Dynasty), the capital of Sui and Tang Dynasties, was designed and built by the famous Yu Wenkai. Chang 'an City in Tang Dynasty was magnificent and neatly arranged, among which Daming Palace was the representative of palace architecture. The streets in the city are wide and straight, and the layout is symmetrical from east to west. The streets and lanes are checkerboards, palaces, offices and squares are separated, alleys and squares are closed, and markets are concentrated. It was a world-class big city at that time.

2. Science and technology: The Diamond Sutra printed in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest block printing with exact date in the world. Sun Simiao, an outstanding medical scientist in the Tang Dynasty, devoted his life to writing Thousand Golden Formulas, which was called "King of Medicine" by the later Buddha. Astronomers in the Tang Dynasty (Zhang Sui) were the first people in the world to determine the meridian length of the earth. He was also the first person in the world to discover the phenomenon of star motion.

3. Tang poetry and the "ancient prose movement": The Tang Dynasty was the golden age of China's classical poetry. Li Bai, a famous poet, is called "Poet Fairy". Du Fu is called "Poet Saint" and his poems are called "History of Poetry". Bai Juyi's poems are easy to understand. The ancient prose movement was launched in the middle Tang Dynasty to restore the simple and vigorous style of writing in the Han and Wei Dynasties. The representative figures of the ancient prose movement are Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan. Han Yu wrote a large number of excellent essays, vigorous, unrestrained and fluent, ranking first among the eight masters in Tang and Song Dynasties. He advocates that "writing carries Tao". It had a great influence on that time and later generations. Liu Zongyuan is also an advocate of the ancient prose movement. His prose is rich and colorful, elegant and subtle, profound and meaningful, and has also made great contributions to the development of prose.

4. Calligraphy and Painting Sculpture: The Tang Dynasty painter was strict and good at drawing characters' stories. His representative works included emperors' statues and line paintings. Wu Daozi was a superb painter, who was later called "painting sage". A masterpiece like Born of Gautama Buddha. Sui and Tang grottoes. Famous representative: Mogao Grottoes, one of the greatest artistic treasures in the world, is represented by Fei Xian in Dunhuang murals. Yan Zhenqing created a new style, which had a great influence on later generations. Known as the representative work of Yan style, the monument of Yan family temple and the multi-tower induction monument. Liu Gongquan once wrote a humorous story about "keeping a pen, keeping a regular pen". His masterpiece is the mysterious tower monument. Six Horses in Zhaoling in front of Emperor Taizong's tomb are famous stone carvings in Tang Dynasty.

5. The figures who perfected the imperial examination system in Tang Dynasty were Emperor Taizong, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty and Wu Zetian. Jinshi and Mingjing are the most important permanent examinations in the imperial examination system in the Tang Dynasty. The imperial examination system is a great contribution of China people to China and even the world during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the foundation of the ancient civil service system in China, and the origin of the modern western civil service system. It embodies fairness and justice and is conducive to improving the quality of officials and the level of national governance.

Topic 2: the coexistence of national political forces and the shift of economic center of gravity to the south

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, Liao, Northern Song, Xixia, Jin and Southern Song.

The Tang Dynasty perished in 1 and 907, and the second great division period appeared in the history of China, including the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the Song, Liao, Xia and Jin Dynasties. At the beginning of 10 century, Bao Zheng, the leader of the Khitan, unified the ministries of the Khitan, established the Khitan State, and made Beijing its capital. 165438+At the beginning of the 20th century, Yuan Hao, the leader of the Tangut, was called the Emperor of Daxia, with its capital in Xingqing and Xixia as its history. After 960, Zhao Kuangyin, a general of the Zhou Dynasty, launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi and established Tokyo as the capital of the Song Dynasty, which was called the Northern Song Dynasty in history. 1 127, Jin eliminated the "difficulty of Jingkang" in the Northern Song Dynasty. Zhao Gou ascended the throne on 1 127, with its capital in Lin 'an, which is known as the Southern Song Dynasty.

The Relationship between the Song Dynasty and the Surrounding Minorities

(1), during the Northern Song Dynasty, Liao and Song negotiated peace and entered into the Zen Temple Alliance; After years of war, Song and Xixia reached peace. Xixia became a vassal state of Song, and Song gave Xixia a New Year's coin. (2) In the Southern Song Dynasty, Song and Jin made peace, and in the Southern Song Dynasty, they surrendered gold and gave them "ancient coins".

During the Liao, Song, Xixia and Jin Dynasties, the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups were strengthened, which greatly narrowed the gap between ethnic groups and promoted their integration. In addition, a large number of ethnic minorities immigrated to the south, which accelerated the process of ethnic integration.

2. Yue Fei resisted gold in the Southern Song Dynasty and was killed by Zhao Gou Song Gaozong and Qin Gui. Wen Tianxiang resisted Yuan, was captured and unyielding, leaving a famous sentence "Who has not died since ancient times, leaving a heart to look at history".

3. During the Five Dynasties, Liao, Song, Xixia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the economic status of the southern region became increasingly important. Agriculture, handicrafts and commerce have completely surpassed the north. The economic center of gravity shifted from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin.

4. The economic center of gravity moved south: The Song Dynasty was a period of prosperous development of feudal economy in China, especially in the south of the Yangtze River, which became the economic center of China. Agriculture: During the Song Dynasty, the farming techniques in the south were greatly improved, terraced fields were opened and the cultivated land area was expanded. In the Song Dynasty, an excellent variety Zhancheng Rice was introduced from Vietnam. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in Song Dynasty. The main grain producing area is in the south of the Yangtze River. In particular, Taihu Lake Basin has become a granary. There is a saying that Su Hu is familiar with the world. Handicraft industry: During the Southern Song Dynasty, Jiangnan area has become the focus of China porcelain industry. Zhejiang Longquan kiln and Ge kiln porcelain are exquisite and unique. It rose in Jingdezhen in the Northern Song Dynasty and later developed into a famous porcelain capital. Lin 'an, the largest commercial city in the Southern Song Dynasty, is far more prosperous than Kaifeng in the Northern Song Dynasty. The overseas trade in Song Dynasty became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time, and Guangzhou, Mingzhou and Quanzhou were world-famous commercial ports. The Yuan government encouraged overseas trade and set up shipping departments in major ports for management. In the early Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world. The Southern Song Dynasty issued "Huizi" paper money, which is a sign of highly developed commodity economy.

5. 1206, Mongolian nobles elected Temujin as Khan, honorably called him Genghis Khan, and established Mongolia. 127 1 year, Kublai Khan named the country yuan, 1272, and made its capital mostly. 1276 Yuan army occupied Lin 'an and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. 1279 Yuan Dynasty unified China.

6. Yuan Shizu attaches great importance to agriculture, builds water conservancy and dredges the Yellow River, digs Tonghui River and Huitong River, and also opens up unprecedented water transport and shipping, which promotes the rise of Tianjin city. The Yuan Dynasty was the political center of the whole country and the center of ethnic exchanges for most of the time, and it was a prosperous and world-famous international metropolis. Italian traveler Kyle? Poirot's book Kyle? Travel notes of Poirot. Described the prosperous scene of the Yuan Dynasty.

7. In the Yuan Dynasty, in order to exercise effective rule over the whole country, Yuan Shizu established provincial secretariat in the central government and provincial secretariat in local governments. The Yuan Dynasty established Zheng Xuanyuan and strengthened its jurisdiction over Tibet, and Tibet officially became an inalienable part of China territory. Set up the Penghu Inspection Department to strengthen the jurisdiction over Taiwan Province Island and Penghu Islands. There was a peak of national integration in the Yuan Dynasty, and a new national "Hui" was formed. At the same time, the Han nationality migrated to the frontier; Ethnic minorities emigrated to the mainland.

National integration in Yuan Dynasty;

First of all, the ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty was an important period for further strengthening ethnic integration in history.

Secondly, the development of ethnic integration in the Yuan Dynasty is manifested in four aspects: the Han nationality developed the frontier; All ethnic groups in the frontier moved to the mainland and lived together with the Han nationality; The integration of Khitan, Nuzhen and other nationalities with the Han nationality; Hui people began to form.

Third, the unification of the Yuan Dynasty promoted ethnic integration, which in turn promoted the economic and cultural development of all ethnic groups.

8. Bi Sheng invented movable type printing in the Northern Song Dynasty, which greatly promoted the spread of culture. Movable type printing appeared in Europe in the15th century, about 400 years later than China. In the Yuan Dynasty, Wang Zhen invented the wheeled typesetting tray. This reform not only improves the efficiency of word selection, but also reduces the labor intensity.

9. Sina was made in the Warring States Period, and the compass was invented for navigation in the Northern Song Dynasty. It was widely used in navigation in the Southern Song Dynasty and spread to Europe by Arabs. Compass promoted the development of navigation technology, promoted the navigation of European navigators and the subsequent discovery of the new continent.

10, gunpowder was invented by an alchemist in ancient China. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, gunpowder began to be used in military affairs, and during the Song and Yuan Dynasties, gunpowder weapons were widely used in wars. The spread of gunpowder to Europe enabled the bourgeoisie to defeat the armor and castles of feudal knights.

1 1, Shen Kuo talked about Meng Xi in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Shen Kuo's Twelve Qi Calendars is an advanced and scientific calendar, which is more than 800 years earlier than the similar calendars compiled in Britain. Needham called it "a milestone in the history of science in China" and praised him as "the most outstanding figure in the whole history of science in China".

12, the time calendar compiled by Guo Shoujing, a scientist in Yuan Dynasty, measured that a year is 365.2425 days, which is basically the same as the current Gregorian calendar, but about 300 years earlier than the current Gregorian calendar. This was the most accurate calendar in the world at that time.

13 zi tong zhi Jian, compiled by Sima guang, a historian of the northern song dynasty, is the first chronological general history in China, which records the history from the warring States period to the five dynasties 1300 years, and has important reference value for the study of ancient history in China. .

14. Outstanding poets in the Song Dynasty: Su Shi's Bold School and Nian Nujiao's Red Cliff Nostalgia, Li Qingzhao's outstanding poetess and Xin Qiji's famous patriotic poetess.

15, Yuanqu includes drama and Sanqu, which was called zaju at that time. Representative: Guan Hanqing, the most outstanding masterpiece Dou Eyuan, etc.

16, The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival, the representative work of Northern Song Dynasty painter Zhang Zeduan. It shows the suburbs, rivers and bustling streets, shops and restaurants of Tokyo. The middle section is centered on "Hongqiao", with a warm atmosphere and climaxes. It is an immortal treasure in China's art treasure house. The most famous painter in Yuan Dynasty is Zhao Meng's work Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburb, which is called "a must". Su Shi, Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang are the calligraphers who can best represent the achievements of calligraphy in Song Dynasty, and they are called "Song Sijia".

Today's traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, Mid-Autumn Festival, etc. Both existed in the Song Dynasty. In the Song Dynasty, the Spring Festival was called New Year's Day, and it was the most important.

18, urban and rural residents live a colorful life. Clothing: Linen was the main material in Song Dynasty, and cotton cloth gradually increased; Wear industrial clothes; Women's clothes are colorful. Food: During the Song Dynasty, the north ate southern rice; North mutton, south pig fish, exquisite cooking; Drinking and drinking tea is popular; Residence: In the Song Dynasty, farmers lived in thatched cottages and citizens lived in tiled houses; Noble bureaucrats live in garden-style buildings; Lines: In the Song Dynasty, the rich took sedan chairs and carriages, while the people took ox carts and donkey carts, and rode horses, mules and donkeys. City life: ① Tokyo has a population of over one million, the "night market" is connected with the "small market", there are entertainment places "tiles" and a stage "Goulan"; ② Lin 'an has a population of over one million; There are many "tile houses" in entertainment places; The stalls are lined up; Teahouse.