Appreciation of mind map in the first volume of history in the second day of junior high school
Summary of eighth grade history knowledge points
the opium war
1. The root of the British Opium War: 65438+the first half of the 9th century, in order to open up the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials.
2. The direct reason why Britain smuggled opium into China was to reverse the trade deficit.
3. The harm brought by opium smuggling: it caused a large outflow of silver in Qing Dynasty, which aggravated the poverty and weakness of China and increased the burden of ordinary people; Opium can also seriously damage the health of smokers. The opium consumption of the army further weakened its combat effectiveness.
4. Lin Zexu Humen Smoke: Time: 65438+June 0839; Venue: Humen, Guangzhou; Significance: This is a great victory of China people's struggle to ban smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to oppose foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, is a well-deserved national hero. The destruction of opium in Humen became the fuse of the opium war.
5. Time of the First Opium War: 1840- 1842. The reasons for China's defeat are: political corruption in Qing Dynasty, backward economy, military technology and social system, and improper strategies of rulers in Qing Dynasty.
Influence: After the Opium War, China gradually changed from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
6. The content of treaty of nanking: ceding Hong Kong Island to Britain; Compensation of 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars; Open Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo and Shanghai as trading ports; China must reach an agreement with Britain on the taxes paid by British businessmen on imported and exported goods.
7. The impact of the signing of a series of unequal treaties, such as the treaty of nanking, has seriously damaged China's territorial and sovereign integrity, and China has gradually become the sales market and raw material producing area of foreign capitalism, which has gradually reduced China from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
8. Enlightenment: ① backwardness will lead to beatings, and development is the last word; The country should implement the policy of opening to the outside world, actively participate in international competition and improve its comprehensive strength.
Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War
1. The Second Opium War: Time:1856-1860; Reason: Britain and France further opened the China market in order to expand aggressive rights and interests.
2. After185610, Britain went to war first, with the British and French allied forces as the main killers and the United States and Russia as accomplices, shelling Guangzhou, and the Second Opium War began; Tianjin Treaty was signed on1858; 1860, Britain and France sent troops again, captured Tianjin and advanced on Beijing. 1860, 10, the British and French allied forces occupied Beijing, burned the Yuanmingyuan, and signed the Beijing Treaty.
3. Russia occupied a large area of our country, and adopted a series of unequal treaties during the Second Opium War, occupying more than 0.5 million square kilometers in northeast and northwest China.
Unequal Treaty Name and Signing Time Occupation Scope Occupation Area
The "Love Faint Treaty" (1858) covers an area of more than 600,000 square kilometers south of Xing 'an Mountains and north of Heilongjiang, which is outside the northeast of China.
The Beijing Treaty (1860) covers about 400,000 square kilometers east of the Wusuli River in China, including Sakhalin Island.
Beijing Treaty (1860)
The northwest boundary agreement (1864) covers an area of more than 440,000 square kilometers east and south of Balkhash Lake in China.
The revised Sino-Russian Treaty and the five subsequent demarcation protocols (65438+1980s) covered more than 70,000 square meters in the northwest of China.
4. Taiping Army defeated foreign guns: 185 1 year, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement led by Hong Xiuquan broke out. In order to suppress the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Chinese and foreign reactionary forces colluded and set up a foreign gun team, led by American Walter. 1860 In August, Li Xiucheng defeated the Huaer guns team in Qingpu. 1In June, 862, the Taiping Army killed Hua 'er in Cixi.
The first volume of history in the second day of junior high school must recite knowledge
the opium war
First, opium smuggling and Lin Zexu's ban on smoking
1. Reasons for Britain's massive opium smuggling to China:
In the legal trade between China and Britain, China is in a super position, and a large amount of silver flows into China. In order to reverse the unfavorable situation, Britain smuggled opium into China in large quantities.
2, the harm of opium flooding:
The massive outflow of silver directly threatened the finance of the Qing government; Seriously destroy the smoker's physique; Political corruption; The combat effectiveness of the army was weakened.
Daoguang sent Lin Zexu to Guangdong to ban smoking. Lin Zexu is known as "the first person in the world" in modern China.
4. Destruction of opium in Humen: 1839.6. Lin Zexu
Significance: The destruction of opium in Humen is a great victory of China people's struggle against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation to resist foreign aggression.
Second, Britain launched a war of aggression.
Opium War: 1840.6- 1842.8 China PK UK.
1. Major event: 184 1 year British troops occupied Hong Kong Island; Humen? Guan Tianpei martyrdom; Guangzhou? Sanyuanli people resist Britain; Wu Song? Martyr of Chen Huacheng.
2. Reasons for failure: the ruling is fatuous and ignorant; Economic backwardness; Outdated weapons
Root: decadent and backward feudal system
3. Revelation: If you fall behind, you will be beaten.
Third, the signing of treaty of nanking.
1, 1842.8 The content and harm of the Chinese and English treaty of nanking;
General: The treaty of nanking is the first unequal treaty in modern history of China.
(1) Trade with Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Shanghai, Ningbo and Xiamen (Guangfu Shangningfu)? Located on the southeast coast, it is convenient for Britain to dump goods and plunder raw materials;
2 cede land: hong kong island? Destroy China's territorial sovereignty
③ Indemnity: 2 1 ten thousand silver dollars? Increase the burden on the people
(4) Tax negotiation: The tax payable by British businessmen for importing and exporting goods must be agreed by both parties. ? Destroy China's tariff sovereignty.
2. Annex to treaty of nanking:
1843 sino-British humen treaty: consular jurisdiction, one-sided MFN treatment, and the right to rent land and build houses at trading ports.
1844 Sino-American Wang Xia Treaty
1844 sino-French Huangpu treaty
3. The influence of the Opium War: China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society; The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.
Lesson 2 The Second Opium War
I. The Second Opium War
1. Reason: Western powers want to further open the China market and expand their aggressive rights and interests.
2. Participating countries: Britain and France (the main murderer); Russia and the United States (accomplices)
3. excuse: English? Yarrow incident; Law? Father Ma incident/Xilin teaching plan
4. Time: 1856- 1860 (Xianfeng period)
5. Results:
(1) Tianjin Treaty
Overview: 1858, the Qing government signed with Russia, the United States, Britain and France.
Contents: ① Foreign Minister in Beijing; (2) opening ten trading ports such as Hankou and Nanjing; Foreign merchant ships and warships can sail freely in the Yangtze River port.
Impact: The invading army has penetrated into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the southeast coast.
(two) the aftermath of the commercial articles of association treaty
Overview: The Qing government signed with Britain, France and the United States.
Content: Forced to recognize the legalization of opium trade.
(3) The Beijing Treaty
Overview: 1860, the Qing government signed with Britain and France.
Contents: ① The Qing government recognized that the Tianjin Treaty remained valid; (2) Tianjin opened for trade; (3) The amount of compensation paid to Britain by cutting the local area of Kowloon Division has also greatly increased.
6. The influence of the Second Opium War:
The Second Opium War made China lose more sovereignty. Western aggression forces such as Britain, France and the United States penetrated into the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River from the southeast coast, and Russia occupied a large territory in northern China. The degree of semi-colonialism in China has further deepened.
Second, the crimes committed by foreign powers during the Second Opium War.
1. 1860 British and French troops? Burning Yuanmingyuan
2. Russia robbed in the fire? * * * occupies the northern territory of China10.5 million square kilometers.
Among them, the treaty of infatuation? It covers an area of more than 600,000 square kilometers at most.
Lesson 3 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
First, the background of the outbreak of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
1. Reasons: ① The failure of the Opium War further deepened the ruling crisis of the Qing government ② The class contradictions became increasingly acute.
2. Pre-preparation: 1843 Hong Xiuquan founded "Worship God" and went to Guangxi to preach with Feng Yunshan.
Second, the process (185 1- 1864)
1 jintian uprising? begin
1851.1.11launched an uprising in Jintian Village, Guiping County, Guangxi, and named it Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The rebels are called "Taiping Army".
2. Yong 'an organizational system? Develop and initially establish a political organization
"The formulas of the east, west, south and north wings, Yang Xiao and Feng Weishi, although they are all kings, are all controlled by the East King."
3. Ding Du Tianjing? Expand and formally establish a revolutionary regime against the Qing Dynasty.
Overview: 1853.3 captured Nanjing, and another day Beijing became the capital.
Promulgate the founding program? Farmland system in China;
Content: Land is distributed equally according to population and age, regardless of gender.
Goal: To establish an ideal society ("four haves and two have nots") with "fields to plow together, food to eat, clothes to wear, money to spend, uneven everywhere and warmth for everyone".
Result: Not implemented.
Evaluation: It is impossible to advocate the abolition of private ownership and average social wealth on the basis of small production.
4. Northern Expedition and Western Expedition? The climax entered its heyday militarily.
5. Tianjing incident? The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom turned from prosperity to decline 1856
6. Reorganize national politics? protect
(1) Promote Premier Hong Rengan. Senior Minister's New Chapter puts forward a series of political, economic, cultural and diplomatic propositions, such as learning from the West and reforming internal affairs. Developing capitalism in China is the earliest proposal of advanced China people.
(2) Promote Chen Yucheng, Li Xiucheng and other military generals. Pukou and Sanhe won a great victory, but failed to fundamentally change the unfavorable military situation.
7. The fall of Tianjing? Failed 1864
Third, the reasons for the failure
1, the limitations of the peasant class
2. Strategic mistakes
3. Chinese and foreign reactionary forces jointly suppressed Zeng Guofan? Xiang army; Li Hongzhang? Huai army; Wall? Foreign gun teams, etc.
Fourth, historical significance.
1 is the largest peasant war in the history of China.
2./Kloc-In 0/4, he persisted in the struggle and moved to most of China, which dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty and foreign aggression and wrote a heroic chapter in the modern history of China.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) enlightenment
Due to the limitations of class and times, the peasant class can't lead the China revolution to victory.
Intransitive verb others
1, how to evaluate the land system in China? Why can't it be realized?
Enthusiasm: It reflects the strong opposition of the poor peasants to the cruel exploitation of the landlord class at that time and their desire to acquire land and pursue an ideal society of equality.
Limitations: China's land system advocates abolishing private ownership and averaging social wealth on the basis of small-scale production, which is against the historical development trend, impossible to achieve, and has not actually been implemented.
People who have seen "Mind Map of Grade Two History Volume I" have also seen it:
1. The first volume of the eighth grade historical manuscript.
2. The eighth grade historical mind map picture
3. The eighth grade historical mind map
4. The eighth grade historical mind map
5. The eighth grade historical mind map
6. The eighth grade history unit 1 mind map