I looked up the national history of China.

Only the "Shiwei" clan.

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National history of China

Catalogue of National History of China

The fourth part is the prosperity of the Chinese nation and the strengthening of the reunification of the motherland.

Chapter VI Bohai Sea, Shiwei and Kumoxi

1. Shiwei Shiwei people are found in China literature, which began in the 5th century (Northern Wei Dynasty), and after entering the 1 1 century (before Jin Dynasty), there was no record of Shiwei activities in the history books, which lasted for about 6 centuries. At the same time, from the end of the 9th century, due to the attack of the Khitan and other reasons, some tribes moved southwest, adopted new titles and embarked on a new development path. In the late Middle Ages, the famous Mongols in Eurasia, that is, their Mongols, moved westward and developed into 6 Zheng Linzhi: History of Korea, Volume II, page 34; Volume 5, pages 72-78; Volume 7, page 100; Volume 14, page 208.

All landowners "Liao History" Volume 38, pp. 474-475; Volume III, pages 29-30.

⑧ General Examination of Literature, Volume 326, page 2568; The History of the Song Dynasty, vol. 49 1, pp. 14 130; Liao History, Volume I, p. 12 1.

Pet-name ruby Liao History Volume 38, pp. 474-475; Volume III, pages 29-30.

Yang Baolong: The Escape and Migration of Bohai Sea in Liao Dynasty, Ethnic Studies No.4, 1990, p.96-103.

Yes

/kloc-After being conquered by the Khitans in the early 20th century, it began to merge with other ethnic groups and disappear.

Those who lost Wei first began to use it in Sui Dynasty, then lost Wei, and the text lost Wei. Originally transliterated in Mongolian, meaning forest. Used as a surname, it means "a man in the forest". Fang Zhuangyou and others say that Shi Wei is "Xianbei"

Different translations or nicknames of the same name.

History books say that the origin of Shiwei nationality is "Qidan and the like" or "Ding Ling's Miao nationality". Combined with the historical records of its geographical location, social production and customs, its main part comes from Xianbei and is the descendant of Donghu people. Wei Shu says its language is the same as Kumoxi, Khitan and Doumolou. Sui Shu Shu records that David's language in the northwest is "impassable", and Xin Tang Shu also says that his language is cymbals. These different records reflect that Shiwei is not a single ethnic community, but a multi-source ethnic complex, that is, it also includes. If the region is roughly divided, the central part belongs to the Donghu nationality, the western part belongs to the Turkic system, and the eastern part belongs to Sushen ... It is precisely because of this situation that today's academic circles have different views on its ethnic origin, such as its origin in Xianbei, or Wuhuan, or Sushen, or Dingling, or its own race. , that it is a northern Qianwei residents, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States period before the Central Plains.

During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, pyrrosia was generally distributed in Daxing 'anling area west of Nenjiang River. With the increase of population in the Central Plains and the deepening of people's understanding of it, we can know that during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, its region started from the east bank of Nenjiang River and the middle reaches of Jieya River in the east, reached the Shileka River basin in the west, was adjacent to Qidan in the Taoer River basin in the south, and reached the southern foot of Xing 'an Mountains in the north.

"Shu Wei" did not explain the original tribal situation of Shiwei nationality, but was handed down for it first. Around the 7th century, it was divided into five parts. During the Tang Dynasty, there were more than 20 branches, with at least 30,000 households and a population of 65,438+500,000.

① The five major departments are: Nan Shiwei, 25 clans, from Qiqihar to Hulun Lake; There are 9 clans in Beishiwei, which are distributed in the Nuo Min Valley on the east side of Daxing 'anling and the west section of Xiaoxing 'anling in the east. Bo Shiwei lives in the Pangu River basin at the northern foot of Daxing 'anling Mountains. Deep but not great, generally in the present root river basin; David, in the east of Lake Baikal. (2) The names and numbers of Shiwei tribes in the Tang Dynasty are different from those listed in Biography of Shiwei in the Two Tang Dynasties, and 20 tribes are obtained through investigation and comparison. (3) The name and location of the Ministry are: Wusu Gubu, located in the lower reaches of the present Krulun River; That's not living in the south of the lower reaches of the Nuo Min River; West of the mountain, near Namur River on the west side of Xiaoxing 'an Mountains; Relocation, living between Urson River and Hailar River; Sayi tributary, from the Haraha River to the upper reaches of the Chu Er River; Ministry of reconciliation, scattered in Yarlung Zangbo River and Arun River areas; Wu Luo Nursing Department, near the east and west sides of Nenjiang River in the first line from Nehe County to Qiqihar City today; Shanbei, located in the north of Chuohan Mountain, is as big as a stone fence and distributed in the middle and upper reaches of the main river. As small as a stone fence, it is near the mountain; Shi Wei, a woman who grows lettuce, lives in the valley of Pangu River. Huangtou Shiwei, centered on present Wulanhaote, is distributed in the middle and upper reaches of Taoer River and reaches Chu Er in the north. Beina (Nabizhi, Nabizhi) is located near the east bank of Nenjiang River, which governs the northern part of Nenjiang County.

Angle Luo (Luotan, Camel, Luowa) is located in the north bank of the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, east to the middle and upper reaches of Jieya River, not in the southeast of Hailanpao; East of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang (Mengwa) ② Wang: A Brief History of Bohai Sea, p. 177.

(3) It is estimated that there are more than 100,000 households according to The Biography of the New Tang Dynasty and Bohai Sea.

(4): The Story of Song and Mo, Page 4.

⑤ Fang Zhuangyou: Shi Weikao, Journal of Fu Jen, Vol.2, No.2; Ye Youquan and Wang: Some Views on Shiwei, Shiwei and Meng, Cultural Relics of the North,No. 1985,No. 1.

(1) the biography of Sui Shu Wei Shi; Biography of Wei Shi in the New Tang Dynasty.

(2) Sun Jin himself: "The Origin of Northeast Nationalities", p. 79.

③ See Yu Zhigeng and Sun Xiuren: Outline of Ancient Ethnic History in Heilongjiang, p. 195- 196.

South of Emur river and Torrent river; Dawei, scattered near the Ergon River east of Lake Baikal; Dong Shiwei, in Hebei, in Nuo Min; Xishiwei, living near the Ergon River from Hulun Lake to Genhe River; Umarub, lower reaches of Gan River; Dawei is located near the west bank of Nenjiang River from the north of Daan County to Zhalaite Banner.

In the Tang Dynasty, the names of Shiwei departments were mostly different from those of the five major departments, because they came from five major departments, among which Wusugu, Reconciliation, Muyike, Wuluohu, Li Na, Huangtou and Dawu originally belonged to Nanshiwei; Lingxi, Big Ruzhe, Little Ruzhe, Shanbei, Neibei, Angle Luo, Wu Meng and Dong Shiwei belong to Beishiwei; Shiva lettuce is transferred from Shiwei; The west room guard seems to be the deep room guard (5); Dawei is the original Dawei.

The social production of Shiwei people was based on nomadism and hunting, supplemented by fishing and agriculture, until the end of the 9 th century when they moved westward and southward. Among these kinds of production, agriculture is the most obvious one. Since the 7th century, their agricultural production has entered the stage of cultivated land. However, due to the lack of iron in its territory, it obtained a limited amount of iron through exchange with Koreans, so its plows are all wood without gold blades and do not know how to use animal power, so they are all "people pulling plows", so the harvest is limited. The main crop varieties have always been millet, wheat and crops. Nevertheless. They know that steamed wheat is fermented to make wine. Animal husbandry mainly raises pigs and cattle, with few horses and no sheep. Pigs are their source of food and clothing. Cattle and horses are not only means of transportation, but also bride price for men and women. Horses are also a tribute to the Central Plains dynasty. The hunting industry catches roe deer for food and clothing, but the tools used are extremely primitive and still stay in the stage of horn bow and arrow. Because there are many minks on its land, and minks are the main objects presented to the Central Plains Dynasty, there have been some tribes or clans that specialize in catching minks. It is known that fishing with nets, in the winter of frozen rivers, they cut ice into the net, "net fish turtles." Due to the vast area of Shiwei and the different natural conditions in different places, the output of each department is not completely consistent. According to reports, during the five major periods, Nanshiwei produced all the above four films; Weibei Wei Shi, Weber Wei Shi and Shen Weimi Wei Shi are mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and animal husbandry, and some of them either make a living by catching mink or "dress with fish skin"; David is mainly engaged in animal husbandry and hunting.

In terms of marriage, funeral and residence, the popular customs and habits of Shiwei people not only reflect the low stage of their social development, but also reflect some common characteristics of hunting and nomadic people in the north. When getting married, when the two families are "committed", the man needs to steal the woman and then send the cattle and horses as the bride. Both men and women go back to the woman's house together. After pregnancy, the woman goes to the man's house with her husband. There is also a popular saying that women will not get married after their husbands die. In terms of funeral, in the early days, parents were buried in trees after death. Later, it evolved into a big shed built by the tribe, with the bodies of the dead on it. (2) Different lifestyles between the north and the south: In summer, southern tribes mostly moved to Dai Bo and Jiedui Mountain, and in order to avoid the harm of gnats, they built houses and "built nests" in trees. In other seasons, in order to adapt to the characteristics of nomadism and frequent hunting, ox carts are made of wood and covered with grass (reed mats) to live in.

Shiwei people in the north live in caves in the mountains in winter, and some tribes live in birch houses in summer because of the cold land.

Land vehicles except ox carts and horses live in mountainous areas and "ride wood" under heavy snow in winter.

(4) According to the New Tang Book Biography of the Guard, there are "small or thousands of households, large and thousands of households".

(5) five, opinions vary, according to Sui Shu. Biography of Wei Shi was written on the basis of comprehensive investigation of various schools.

⑥ Sun Xiuren and other 22 people studied Shiwei, because they regarded Camel and Luoyi as two, and Hu Shiwei and his mother-in-law as two, which had deep Shiwei but no black pill (2 1 page). Zheng Yingde and Liu Guangsheng thought that there were 23 in "A New Exploration of Shiwei Tribe" (Journal of Minzu University of China, No.2, 1982), which is why they classified Ju and Yun as two Shiwei and divided Huangtou Shiwei into two parts.

⑦ Shiwei's cloth clothes in the Tang Dynasty were quite different from those set by various factions. According to Biography of Ten Guards in the Tang Dynasty and Yang Baolong's Textual Research on Ten Guards in Sui and Tang Dynasties, the National History of China was published, China Social Sciences Press, 1987.

(1) Ye Youquan, Wang Shuo and Cong Deep Bottom (Northern Cultural Relics 1985 1) are divided into two parts; Sun Jin has thought that the West Ten Guards belong to the Five Big Ten Guards (The Origin of Northeast Nationalities, p. 103), but he doesn't take it now.

② The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (Volume 2 19), page 6 176.

Water transport, or "pay for rafts", or take skins as boats.

Tribes have not yet formed a unified tribal alliance, and clans and tribes are the basic forms of social organization.

Each tribe has a chief, known as "begging Mohe Duh", who presides over some public activities within the tribe; Production is organized by various clans. As the saying goes, "All hunting parties will get together, and when things are finished, they will not be ruled by ministers". The chief was replaced, and after his death, his son implemented the world election system. Only when the heir is elected by the public can he succeed to the throne. There is no tax in society, but private ownership has been established. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there was a saying that "the thief signs three signs and the murderer blames 300 horses".

Customary law; Polarization between the rich and the poor has also emerged, and the rich often wear colorful beads around their necks.

In 544 (the second year of Wuding in the Eastern Wei Dynasty), Zhang Qian made contributions to the Eastern Wei Dynasty and began to contact the Central Plains Dynasty. Since then, nearly 10 years, envoys have been sent to contribute to the Eastern Wei Dynasty and later the Northern Qi Dynasty almost every year.

Due to Lu Shimao, the secretariat of Yingzhou, Northern Qi Dynasty, "swindled more than 800 Wei people to death", the tributary relationship was once interrupted and the two sides met. Wang Jun changed to the policy of inviting pets after being a secretariat official, which eased the tense relationship, so Wei Shi offered sacrifices to Beiqi in 563 (the second year of Beiqi River Qing Dynasty) and 567 (the third year of Beiqi Dynasty).

⑥ When the Turks became strong, Shi was attached to the Turks, and the Turks sent three Tutun officials to take charge. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, the Turks surrendered, and Wei Shi then sent envoys to establish contact with the Sui Dynasty. In 593 (13th year of Emperor Kai of Sui Dynasty) and in 6 10 (6th year of Daye of Sui Dynasty), he paid tribute to the Central Plains twice. ⑦ During this period, Shiwei had frequent economic exchanges with North Korea, and often exchanged native products for iron from North Korea until the early Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, the ethnic groups in Northeast China, who were originally Turkish ministers, could not bear the excesses of the Turks and returned to the Tang Dynasty in succession. During the Wude period of the Tang Dynasty (6 18-626), Wei Shi also sent envoys to contribute to the Tang Dynasty. ⑧ In 629 AD (the third year of Tang Zhenguan), Tang established a state in Yingzhou to manage the affairs of Shiwei and Qidan. The following year, the Tang Dynasty broke the Turks, and Xue Wanshu, governor of Yingzhou, implemented the policy of appeasement, which further strengthened the relationship between Shiwei and the Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty, after the rise of Turks, the Khitan chieftain Li devoted himself to killing the governor of Yingzhou against the Tang Dynasty. The Tang court lost control of the northeast, and Shiwei was controlled by the Turks, which interrupted the contact with the Tang Dynasty. After the Tang Dynasty broke the Khitan, the Khitan was attached to the Turks. When I went to the Tang Dynasty in 707 AD, I asked Tang to help me discuss the Turkic issue.

To this end, the Tang Dynasty settled Lu Jiedu and comforted Shi Wei and Qidan. In the last years of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, An Lushan rebelled against john young, and Shiwei was threatened. The relationship with Tang Ting was interrupted again, and it was not until the Dali period (766-779) that it was restored. In 788 (the fourth year of Tang Zhenyuan), he attacked Zhenwu with Tong (now northwest of Helinger County, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), and sent someone to apologize to Tang the following year. In view of the fact that Shiwei's attachment was not frequent, in order to strengthen the management of Shiwei, the Tang Dynasty quickly established Shiwei viceroy, appointed Shiwei leader as viceroy and viceroy, and ③ Shiwei area was formally incorporated into the territory of the Tang Dynasty. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, the Central Plains was in chaos, and the rising Qidan took the opportunity to send troops to attack Shiwei many times, which led to the disintegration of Shiwei. According to incomplete statistics, Wei Shi went to Xian Tong in the third year of Wude (862) and visited Tang Fan 46 times. During these dozens of tributes, on the one hand, Shiwei people imported horses, leopards, minks and other things into the Central Plains; On the other hand, Shi Wei, the envoy of the Tang Dynasty, came to North Korea and awarded generals and other official positions. (3) Sui Shu, vol. 84, pp. 1882- 1883.

(4) The Biography of Wei Shi in the Tang Dynasty said that a man needs to work in a woman's house for three years. After the expiration, the woman's family gave him property, and the couple went back to the man's house by car.

(5) Shu Wei, vol. 1000, pp. 222/kloc-0; Tongdian, Volume 2000, Page 1083.

⑥ For those not noted in this paragraph, according to Biography of Sui Shu and New Tang Book.

⑦ The titles of tribal and clan leaders are recorded differently in the history books. "Northern History Sui Shu Tongdian Shi Weichuan" said that the leaders of the twenty-fifth division of Nan Shiwei said, "Yu Mo Fu defends Duh"; The tribal leader of Beishiwei is called "Begging for Mohe Duh", and each of the 9 departments has 3 Mohe Fu to assist the tribal leader. According to the Biography of Shiwei in the Two Tang Dynasties, there were 17 "Mohefers" in Shiwei society.

⑧ The Book of the New Tang Dynasty (Volume 2 19), p. 6 176.

(1) "Beiqi Book" Volume 25, page 364; Volume 7, page 9 1; Volume 8, page 100.

(2) According to Sui Shu, Volume 2, page 37; Sui Shu, vol. III, p. 75; The book "Biography of the Guard" is called "The guard of the North made contributions, but the rest were not there".

(3) According to Biography of Old Tang Dynasty and Biography of New Tang Dynasty, I came to Feng Gong Ferret for five years.

Silk, brocade, silverware and other things were sent back, which not only strengthened close political relations, but also played a role in mutual economic exchanges.

The disintegration of Shiwei nationality began at the end of the 9th century. This is because in the middle of the 9th century, after the invasion of the western suzerain country, the Uighurs were destroyed by the Uighurs, or moved west or fled south, and a large number of Uighurs soon returned to the West Tianshan Mountains, which created favorable conditions for Shiwei to move west. In the south, the Khitan took advantage of the decline of the Tang Dynasty and moved northward again and again at the end of the 9th century, which led to the westward or southward movement of Shiwei departments or was conquered by the Khitan. There was a reorganization. Since then, some activities have been carried out under new names, and some have kept their original names for a period of time, but they have also changed their names under changing circumstances. Mongolians and Shiwei people are known to have moved westward. /kloc-At the beginning of the 20th century, Mongolian Shiwei migrated from the east to the west of Ergon River, and finally reached Bourhan Mountain (now Great Kent Mountain), the birthplace of Nanshui (now Nenjiang River). In the Liao Dynasty, it was named Mongolian or sock robber. After two or three hundred years of development, it developed into Mongolia with 16 tribes at the end of Jin Dynasty. At the beginning of the 9th century, Shiwei, a large and small tribe, moved from Daxing 'anling to Shileka River basin from east to west. At the end of the Tang Dynasty, it was called "Yu Zhe" (transliteration is "Ru Zhe"), and in Liao Dynasty it was called "Yu Jue". At this time, some tribes in the west of Daxing 'anling, such as Isevi, were renamed Gu Wu, which included Hailar River basin and its vast area to the north. Later Jin joined the Mongolian army. Dawei, Usugu and Hexie moved to the south and southwest. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, Dashiwei went south from the Shileka River basin to Kuolian Haizi (now Hulun Lake) and fished Bo Er (now Bell Lake). It was called the enemy in Liao Dynasty and the Tatar in Jin Dynasty, and was annexed by Mongolia after its rise. After the middle of the 8th century, Wusu Gubu and Xi Shiwei moved to the vicinity of Sun Zhenwu in Yinshan because of military action. After the military setback, they didn't seem to return to their original place. In Liao and Jin Dynasties, it was called Yinshan Shiwei together with Black Car Shiwei. The title of "black car room guard" was discovered in the late Tang Dynasty. This is the new name adopted by the reconciliation department and Li Na in the process of moving south. The new house was located in the area from Xilinhot City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to Datong City, Shanxi Province, and was conquered by Liao. Its name gradually disappeared, but it appeared in the history books in the name of Yinshan Stone Committee. Jin Dynasty was a member of Wang Jiabu,/kloc-0 was assigned to Mongolia at the beginning of the 3rd century.

After the above changes, the Liao Dynasty mainly has the Ten Guards and the Tubo Ten Guards. Shiweibu is the general name of some Shiweibu tribes in the upper reaches of Nenjiang River in Liao Dynasty and northern Heilongjiang Province. After Jin Chu joined Jurchen, his name disappeared, as if he had joined Jurchen. Tuguhun guard originated from Huangtou guard, which was the vast majority of guard department in Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was not divided into two parts. After being conquered by Baoji in the early Liao Dynasty, the Tubo Shiwei Department and the Nieci Ghost Valley Department were established, and they became members of the 20 th Qidan Department during the Luye Baoji period, and lived in Qiqihar City until now in Tailai County. During Yelulongxu's reign, the ancient department of Nie Ci Twinkie in Qidan was renamed Nie Ci Department by Emperor Sheng of Liao and moved to the north of Montenegro (now northwest of Baotou City, Inner Mongolia), but the name of Wei Department was not seen. I suspect that Huang Toumei really changed her name.

Second, the name of the Kumoxi Kumoxi nationality first appeared in 388 (the third year of the Northern Wei Dynasty). However, the emergence of this title should be shortly after the Yuwen Department was attacked by Murong Mu in the middle of the 4th century. (3) From then on, there was an uninterrupted record in the history books, and its name was not seen until13rd century, and it existed for nearly a thousand years.

(4) The Book of Old Tang Dynasty (Volume 39), page 1523.

(5) History as a Mirror Volume 2 17, p. 6934 (Jiazi, November 14th year of Tianbao).

⑥ There is no record in the history books about the establishment time of Shiwei Doudufu. The Book of the Old Tang Dynasty, Biography of the Guards, began to show that the guards' Dudufu and most of them were in the Tang Dynasty, in 792 (Zhenyuan Eight Prison) and in 835 (Daiwa Nine Year), so the guards' Dudufu was established here.

① Zhang Boquan, et al.: The History of Northeast Dynasties (page 135) thinks that the black car house is located in Dushikou to Zhangjiakou, north of the Great Wall.

② See Sun Xiuren et al.: Study on the History of Ventricular Health, page 124- 127.

(3) Today, some people think that Ewenki and Oroqen are related to them (Outline of Ancient Ethnic History in Heilongjiang, p. 466; A Brief History of Oroqen Nationality, pp. 7-8).