One more thing, whenever there is a wanted link, unless the protagonist voluntarily surrenders, he will definitely escape the official pursuit. This is probably because, in the costume dramas we have seen, the way to "chase the murderer" is to post wanted portraits at the city gate.
Speaking of that portrait, ...
Xia Ziwei in Princess Pearl is like this-
Source/TV series "Princess Pearl" screenshot
Mei has a hole in her head:
Source/TV series "Princess Pearl" screenshot
Can you see who is the wanted man in the legend of Wulin?
Source/TV series "Wulin Biography" screenshot
The portrait of the wanted order that I couldn't bear to look straight also triggered the "official spit" in Longmen Escort:
Source/TV series "Longmen Escort" screenshot
In fact, costume dramas that used to carry the imagination of today's people tend to weaken the details in order to highlight the plot. For example, if this wanted portrait is an abstract painting with a difference of 108 thousand miles from the real person, then the ancients will never be caught after committing crimes and fleeing.
The real history is that the drawbacks of the portraits of wanted criminals have long been perfectly avoided by the ancient public security governance system.
A wanted order to hunt down female fugitives in Han Dynasty
1973 10 A number of bamboo slips "The Imperial Letter of the Prime Minister in the Second Year of Ganlu" were unearthed at the Jinguan Site of Shoushui in the north of Jinta County, Gansu Province. There are three simple and twelve lines, and the content is coherent. The whole article is about 500 words.
Shoushui Jinguan Site, Source/Daxibei Net
Its content is that in the second year of Xuan Di Ganlu (the first 52 years), the prime minister was transferred to Zhangye county magistrate, mainly to hunt down a female fugitive. Her name is Li Rong, and she is the personal servant of Gai princess royal, the daughter of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. In the first year of Yuanfeng of Emperor Zhao of Han Dynasty (80 years ago), princess royal, a beggar gang, was given death by Emperor Zhao because of his selfish desire to rebel. Others were sentenced to "homelessness" for treason (the imperial clan was deprived of membership, and all survivors were prevented from becoming Shu Ren). Pretty maid Li Rong fled without being captured. However, Li Rong's brother is the younger brother of princess royal, a beggar sect, and also the coachman of Liu Xu, the fifth son of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. He was also convicted of treason, and pretty maid was implicated again on charges of "crimes against property". In the case of "combined punishment for several crimes", it is very important to arrest Li Rong. This is the sitting system in ancient society to maintain order.
In addition, the circulation mode of the Notice is also recorded in the Imperial History of the Prime Minister in the Second Year of Ganlu: after the Prime Minister's little history and imperial history were transferred to the magistrate of Zhangye County, the magistrate of Zhangye transferred the documents to the captains, and the captains then transferred them to the officials, and the officials then transferred them to the officials.
In other words, such a slave document was circulated by the superiors and subordinates of the government offices at all levels in the frontier fortress, achieving the purpose of making a law widely known and attracting the attention of the government offices at all levels from the central to the local, which is equivalent to today's "wanted order".
However, this "wanted order" did not attach a portrait of Li Rong, but recorded all his conviction reasons and identity information, and also stipulated the interrogation method and the arrest period:
(Li Rong) is a middle-aged man, yellow, small head, black hair, oval face, introverted, often sad (frowning) (forehead), small and long, not much to say.
This Li Rong is a little chubby, with yellow skin, small head, black hair, long face and narrow forehead. She often frowned as if her heart ached, like an ancient beauty, with a slightly taller figure and a withdrawn personality. From appearance to expression, there are many descriptions of his character. This "wanted order" can be described as "no picture wins a picture."
Strict religion is a county magistrate, and misers, collectors, officials and elders ask village officials and people, and reward them with handmaids and wives. If you are over 50 years old, the punishment is like Li Rong's. If you ask your parents if they have children, you should be honest and follow the trail. Don't gather together to disturb the people, sit with the same production. Heavy things are not bad, and they don't make people feel at home. Those who get books are rewarded for nothing, and the post booth is paved in Chang 'an. When you hear something important, you must keep it a secret, just like the law.
The wanted order requires officials at all levels to use this information to question the village so as not to disturb the people. But let the villagers understand the seriousness of "doing the same job with the same production" and remind them to pay attention to self-examination to prevent this person from sneaking around at home and bringing disaster to themselves. It can be seen that under the advocacy of grassroots officials, the spontaneous supervision and inventory of the people for self-protection is a non-governmental force to promote the arrest of criminals.
However, the bamboo slips did not indicate whether this Li Rong was finally successfully arrested. The reason may be that in the second year after this "wanted order" spread throughout the western regions, Uhaanyehe, a Hun, surrendered to the Han Dynasty with more than 5,000 yuan, which became a grand event that resounded through Juyan counties in that year.
Tell Xie Han to marry Wang Zhaojun. Source/TV series "Zhaojun Chusai" screenshot
A brief history of ancient "wanted"
The system of "wanted order to arrest and escape" in Han Dynasty was so perfect. In fact, as early as the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was the embryonic form of a wanted order, and the word "He" used to express the meaning of catching and fleeing marked the formation of the ancient concept of solving social contradictions.
The word "harmony" in Oracle Bone Inscriptions is-
On the top left of the glyph is a prisoner who faces left and bends forward to escape. At the bottom right, a man stretched out a hand and touched the person in front, indicating that the prisoner was arrested.
The word Ji comes from:
There is also a person facing left in the middle, and a hand sticking out from behind just grabs the leg of the person in front.
In Shuo Wen Jie Zi, it is said: "He who reaches, catches and follows others." . Xu Kai pointed out: "So did our predecessors." "You" (hand) represents the person behind, and "person" refers to the person in front. The man behind catches up with the man in front and catches him at once. Therefore, the original meaning of "harmony" in the bronze seal script is arresting people. Usually, in order to catch up with the person in front, you must catch up with that person first, so "harmony" is extended to catch up, catch up and so on. For example, "Zuo Zhuan Cheng Gong Er Nian" records: "So, you can't push a cart." The enemy caught up with me because I couldn't get off the cart.
"Harmony" first appeared in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, and people's pursuit appeared earlier than "harmony". Its appearance reflects the gradual development of production in the late primitive society, the gradual increase of clan organizations, the gradual formation of people's beliefs, and the emergence of primitive conflicts such as sacrificing human beings and competing for means of subsistence. In order to possess and enslave others, arresting people has become a common phenomenon. According to Zuo Zhao's Seven Years as a Special Official, "Zhou Wenwang said,' There is death, and there is insufficient reading', so it won the world." "Being killed" refers to a fugitive slave. Wild, big; Read, search. "Reading shortage" means a large-scale search for fugitive slaves.
In ancient China, it was first seen in the Spring and Autumn Period, and people were encouraged to actively cooperate with investigation activities in legal form, and the corresponding reward standards were clearly stipulated for different situations. There are clear provisions in Mozi's command:
Secondly, if Wu is guilty, if he can catch the sinner, if he accuses the collector, he will be constructed. If it weren't for Wu, the sin of the prophet Wu would be doubly retribution.
In other words, people inside and outside Wu will be rewarded as long as they report and catch criminals. If it is a criminal suspect who captures a major criminal case, the reward is higher.
Some dead officials and civilians were murdered, hurting their elders and committing the same crime as rebellion. Some of them can arrest and give 20 pounds of gold.
This means that when "murder" and "rebellion" cases occur, officials, foot soldiers and the public can get 20 Jin of gold as long as they can catch the criminals.
It can be seen that the psychology of avoiding disasters under the system of sitting together and the reward and punishment under the system of rewarding have become the core driving force for the government to mobilize the people to participate in the pursuit of murder, and also strengthened the self-restraint of the people and the binding force of local land, thus ensuring the legal system and peace of feudal society.
Ancient head catcher. Source/TV series "Wulin Biography" screenshot
However, if the people "don't cooperate", it will also make this wanted order system ineffective. It is recorded in "National Danger and Early Danger" that during the reign of King Chu Ping, the country declined day by day due to his extravagance. King Chu Ping suspected that the prince was a "diplomatic vassal, and there would be chaos". Wu Zixu and his relatives fell into this political struggle, and later fled to Wu because their relatives were killed. In order to hunt down Wu Zixu, King Chu Ping ordered a portrait of him and offered a reward for his capture. This portrait of Wu Zixu is regarded as the earliest wanted order in the history of China.
According to Records of Historical Records and Biography of Wu Zixu, Wu Zixu fled to Wu with Gongzi Sheng for fear of being hunted by King Chu Ping. They came to Zhaoguan, the border between the two countries in Wu Chu, and found that the officials of Zhaoguan searched very tightly and didn't go there several times. Later, with the help of others, I was able to pass the customs. Out of Zhaoguan, afraid of pursuers behind, he hurried forward. It was blocked by a big river. An old fisherman on the river saw anxious Wu Zixu and sent them across the river with a fishing boat. After crossing the river, Wu Zixu was very grateful, so he took down his sword and said to the fisherman, "This sword is worth 120 gold, and now it's for you." The fisherman said, "King Chu Ping made a decree to reward the man who caught Wu Zixu with 50,000 stones of grain and named him a doctor. I don't want this reward. Do I want your sword value 120 gold? " Wu Zixu hurriedly make amends to leave.
Wu Zixu was moved to tears. Source/TV series "The Spring and Autumn Period of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty" screenshot
However, there are not many people who are indifferent to fame and fortune in history. After all, in the case of food shortage, filial piety can mobilize the enthusiasm of catching and fleeing to the greatest extent, which also makes it an important wanted means in past dynasties.
For example, the wanted measures in the Qin Dynasty were mainly based on the government's encouragement of people to report actively, bravely arrest and give generous rewards.
During the Three Kingdoms period, the system of regional cooperation in investigation was gradually implemented.
In the Tang Dynasty, when there were fugitives, the government issued "sea arrest documents" and posted "big-character posters" everywhere. Apart from the name, age, place of origin and physical characteristics of fugitives, there were often portraits of fugitives, that is, "painted figures", so that officials and people could identify arrests.
In the Song Dynasty, escaped prisoners, soldiers recruited for the war, soldiers stationed in towns and fortresses, exiles, people who moved to other places because of crimes, and escaped bandits and thieves were all reported by local officials in official documents, and wanted and pursued near the homes and relatives of fugitives and neighboring counties where they fled. Officials who have received arrest warrants should go deep into the countryside and strengthen visits and arrests. If we can't catch the fugitive immediately, we should rely on their relatives to record the identifiable characteristics of the fugitive, such as age and appearance, and report them to the Ministry to strengthen investigation. After his arrest, he was transferred to the punishment department for trial. The place where fugitives escape and are captured should be reported to Shangshu Province. If the wanted man has not been caught after three years, he will not be pursued.
In the early Ming Dynasty, people emphasized the reward of exposure. After the case occurred in the Qing Dynasty, if the criminals were at large, the government issued "escape cards" to the relevant areas, and the local government closely monitored and screened the fugitives according to their famous brands in order to catch them. At that time, when the government arrested fugitives, it usually recorded the age, physical appearance, native place, beard, mole, etc. of the criminals in detail and issued a wanted order. On the day of receiving the wanted order, every state and county sent people to arrest him, and copied the wanted order and distributed it to the township headquarters for careful investigation.
According to Zhao Jishi's "Sending the Garden" in Qing Dynasty, a flag bearer named Wang fled to Shandong with his family and hid his wife and children in his ex-wife's father's house. He disappeared, and then the government found his wife. At this time, someone happened to fall into a nearby well beyond recognition. Wang's wife framed Zhang for killing her husband in order to exonerate him. The government could do nothing, so it reported the case to the punishment department. At that time, Du Lide served as the minister of punishments, responsible for the trial of cases. He singled out Wang's case and studied it carefully. It was found that the man who fell into the well had a three-inch beard, while the arrest document recorded that Wang had no beard. He said, "Wang took Zhang's wife and ran away from the Zhang family, but it was only a few days. Why is the beard so long? It is easy to make people doubt. " But everyone didn't approve, but it didn't take long for Wang to be arrested in the punishment department, which shocked everyone. In this case, Zhang was almost framed for murder for hiding the fugitive Wang's wife. Fortunately, the "three inches long" on the autopsy list was compared with the "unnecessary" on the "escape permit", thus determining that the deceased was not Wang. Later, because Wang was captured, his judgment was confirmed. This case fully shows the detailed description of the personal characteristics of fugitives in the wanted order of Qing Dynasty.
Judging from the above records, in ancient times, most prisoners were arrested not by a realistic portrait, but by physical features and folk cooperation. After all, not to mention the ancient times, the ability of modern portraits is not flattering. For example, the Japanese used to wonder why they couldn't find Mao Zedong and Zhu De. Look at this portrait-
This is a portrait of Mao Zedong and Zhu De published in Japanese Weekly. It may have been painted by the Japanese Intelligence Department at 1937, but because it is so outrageous, many people speculate that it is probably a photo posted casually by the magazine department. what do you think? Source/[Date] Weekly Issue 44 65438+August 0937
References:
1. Zhu Shaohou, editor. History of China Ancient Public Security System, Kaifeng: Henan University Press, 1994.
2. Yang Yang: the shocking expression of bamboo slips, Lanzhou: Gansu People's Publishing House, 20 14.
3. Anonymous: A Wanted Order in the History of China, Government Legal System, No.2, 2009, p.46.
4. Li Hui: A Preliminary Study on the Wanted Order System, Crime Research No.3, 20 1 1, p.41-47+73.
5. Zhang Yong: The Responsibility System of Judicial Officials in Ancient China and Its Legal Culture Analysis, Ph.D. Thesis of China University of Political Science and Law, 2002.
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