Yan Ying (? -500 years ago), the word clock, Shiping people, used to be called. Shandong Gaomi people. An important politician, thinker and diplomat in the late Spring and Autumn Period.
Yan Ying is the son of Wei Yan, a doctor of Qi State. Known for his frugal life and corporal humility. It is said that Yan Ying is short and ugly. In the 26th year of Qi (556 BC), he died of illness, and Yan Ying succeeded to the throne as a doctor. He has served as Qi, Zhuang Gong, etc., and has been an assistant minister for more than 40 years. On Tuesday, in the tenth year (500 BC), Yan Ying died of illness. Kong Qiu once praised: "Save the people without boasting, and make up for the three kings without lifting them. Yanzi is a gentleman! " The existing Yanyings Tomb is about 350 meters southeast of Yongshun Village, Qidu Town, Zibo.
Yan Ying is witty and eloquent. Assisting in state affairs, he advised the King of Qi many times. He is flexible and principled, and he is not humiliated when he goes abroad, thus safeguarding the national dignity and prestige of Qi. Sima Qian admired Yan Ying and compared him to Guan Zhong.
Two peaches killed three scholars.
In Qi Jinggong during the Warring States Period, Commander Tian Kaijiang conquered Xu, which was a feat of expanding territory and strengthening the strength of Qi. Guyoko has the power to cut the giant savior; Gong recommended by Tian Kaijiang has the power to save tigers. The three men became brothers and called themselves "Three Sisters of Qibang". Because of his contribution, Qi Jinggong awarded him the honor of "Five Riders". Over time, the three of them rely on credit and courage, which is not only simple and slow, but also rude in front of Gong Jing. Even factionalism has gradually become a hidden danger of national stability. JiXiang Yan Ying, that is, Yan Zi was deeply worried and wanted to get rid of it, but he was worried that Gong Jing wouldn't allow it, so he became enemies with the three men.
One day, I got married and hosted a banquet for Lu. When the wine was half finished, Yan Zi invited people in the garden to pick golden peaches to congratulate the alliance between the two countries. After Gong Jing allowed the performance, Yan Zi led the garden collectors to personally supervise the performance. Picked six golden peaches, "as big as a bowl, as red as charcoal, and fragrant." According to the ceremony, the two kings of Qilu each enjoy one, and Qilu and the two countries each enjoy one. There are two left on the plate, and Yan Zi invited them to be awarded to those who worked hard in recognition of their talents. Qi Jinggong invited ministers to recommend themselves, and Yan Zi gave them peaches.
Gong and Gu Yezi recommended themselves to work as saviors. As soon as they recommended themselves for the credit, Yan Zi affirmed their credit and immediately gave them two peaches respectively. Tian Kaijiang recommended himself and made contributions in opening up the frontier. Yan Zi evaluated Tian Kaijiang's greatest contribution, but the peaches were no longer needed, saying that they could only be rewarded when the peaches were ripe next year. Qi Jinggong said that he recommended himself late, and there were no peaches to commend his great achievements. Tian Kaijiang thought it was a shame, but because of his great achievements, he couldn't get peaches, so he committed suicide with his sword. Tanino and Gong Sun Jie committed suicide because they were ashamed of their trivial work. Yan Ying got rid of three people with two peaches, which eliminated the hidden danger of Qi.
Outoutwit the enemy on the wine glass—
In the middle of the Spring and Autumn Period, the vassal regime was divided and wars continued. Jin, a powerful country in the Central Plains, planned to attack Qi. In order to know the situation of Qi, he sent a doctor named Zhao Fan to Qi. Qi Jinggong hosted a banquet in honor of Zhao Fan. During the dinner, the wine was hot and everyone was a little drunk. Zhao Fan said to Qi Jinggong, "Please give me a glass of wine!" Duke Jing of Jin turned and told the left and right courtiers, "Pour the wine into my cup and give it to the guests." Zhao Fan took the wine handed by the courtiers and gulped it down. Ying aside to see all this in the eye, harsh voice command courtiers way; "Throw away this wine glass and change it for your master." According to the etiquette at that time, at the banquet, the monarch and the minister should use their own wine glasses. Drinking with a glass violates this etiquette and is aligned with disrespect. Zhao Fan did this on purpose to test each other's reaction, but he was caught by Ying.
After returning to China, he reported: "Now is not the time to attack Qi. I tried to test the reaction of the ministers of Qi, and Yan Ying found out. " Zhao Fan thought that Qi had such a good minister, and there was absolutely no chance to attack Qi now, so Jin Pinggong gave up his plan to attack Qi. The story of the enemy giving up the attack through diplomatic negotiations, which is now called the story of "breaking the shackles", is from Yan Ying's story. Confucius praised Yan Ying's diplomatic performance and said that "a thousand miles away is not an ancient painting", which is a true portrayal of Yan Zi's strategy.
Go to the dog country, so enter the dog door.
Yan Ying was not only upright in welcoming foreign envoys, but also resolute and resourceful in fulfilling his mission abroad.
At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, governors were afraid of the power of Chu, and small countries came to worship, but big countries dared not form an alliance with them. Chu became the overlord of the vassal states, and Yan Ying of Qi sent an envoy to Chu on orders from Qi Jinggong. When King Chu Ling heard that the envoy of the State of Qi was Prime Minister Yan Ying, he said to the left and right, "Yan is less than five feet tall, but he is known as a saint. I think Chu is strong and weak, and Qi should be humiliated to show the strength of Chu. " Taizai said aside, "Yan is good at answering questions. One thing is not enough to humiliate him. It must be like this. " The king of Chu was very happy and did it as planned.
Yan Ying, dressed in royal robes, took a bus to the east gate of the capital of Chu. When he saw that the gate was not open, he ordered someone to call it. The gatekeeper has received orders from Taizai. He pointed to the next door and said, "Guo Xiang, let's go in and out of this dog hole!" This hole is spacious enough for you to go in and out. Why open the gate and enter from the inside? Yan Ying smiled and said, "This is the door for dogs, not people. People who go to the dog country go in and out through the dog door, and people who go to the human country go in and out through the human door. I don't know whether I am in the country of man or dog. I don't think Chu is a dog country! " The gatekeeper conveyed Yan Ying's words to King Chu Ling. King Chu Ling listened, pondered for a while, and then reluctantly ordered to open the city gate and let Yan Ying enter the capital of Chu.
Think about it when it happens.
Yan came to the museum and was greeted by the minister of Chu. During the dinner, a heated debate was held. The doctor of the State of Chu first spoke: "Since the Taigong sealed the state, the State of Qi has boiled salt and cultivated fields, and there are tens of thousands of soldiers on the rich side, which is enough to rival the State of Chu. Why since Qi Huangong dominated the Central Plains, it has been a flash in the pan, and he can no longer lead his ministers? With Qi's vast territory, large population, strong country and Yan's intelligence, why can't the Central Plains rise again? On the contrary, it is too puzzling to form an alliance with Chu. " Yan Ying replied, "Those who know the times are heroes, and those who change their minds are heroes. After the princes fell from power last week, the princes fought for years, and the five tyrants flourished in the Spring and Autumn Period. Qi dominates the Central Plains, Qin and Wei regroup in Xirong, and Chu dominates the earth. Of course, these are all human factors, but most of them still depend on God's will. Previously, with Jin Wengong's talent, he fled in all directions; After Qin Mugong dominated Xirong, the civil and military affairs flourished, and his descendants were weak after his death, and he could no longer shake the glory of the past; Even you, Chu, have been harassed and ravaged by Wu and Jin since then. Is it only weak gas? Today, let's make a good alliance, which is only a friendly exchange between neighboring countries. As a famous minister of Chu, you should be familiar with the meaning of the word' improvise', but how can you ask such a stupid question? "
A good minister will die in his country, but a bad king will not die.
The next doctor blushed and flinched. The doctor next to him was unconvinced and asked, "Zhong Ping, you think you are a improviser. However, since the civil strife in Qi, Qi Chen has died for you countless times, but as a noble family in Qi, you have to resist traitors, abandon your official ambitions and die for the king. Aren't you ashamed? Why do you still cling to your reputation and refuse to leave? " Yan Ying retorted seriously: "People who do great things don't have to stick to details. People who have no long-term worries will have near worries. All I know is that when the monarch dies for his country, only the courtiers should die with him. Now, my late husband didn't die for my country. Why should I just die from my late husband? All the dead are fools, not loyal subjects. Although I have no talent, how can I seek fame by death? Besides, when the country changes, I won't leave because I want to welcome the new monarch and preserve the ancestors of Qi, not because I want to be high. If everyone leaves North Korea, who will handle the state affairs? And civil strife in the country, which country has not happened? Isn't it the same in your Chu state? Why do you blame us? "
I don't know people by appearances.
Another person said discontentedly, "A hero must be absolutely beautiful and magnificent, but now you, less than five feet tall, are just a lobbyist, just trying to show your breath." Without practical skills, is it shameful to cheat the world and steal fame only by mouth and tongue? ""I heard that the hammer is very small and can be worth 1000 kilograms. Although the paddle is long, it is inevitable to be flooded. Zhou Wang is so brave that he will die. Why? I admit that I have no outstanding skills, and I am ashamed that I am in the same position, but I don't want to talk to you, just ask and answer questions. Do I refuse to answer? That would be rude. "
Little people go to small countries.
After the banquet, King Chu Ling met with Yan Ying. When King Chu Ling saw Yan Ying, he immediately asked, "Is there a shortage of talents in Qi? Why did you send a dwarf like you to Chu? " "Big king, there are many people in Qi. The capital Linzi has a population of one million. Everyone takes a breath and exhales a cloud. Everyone drops a drop of sweat, sweating like rain. How can there be no talents when pedestrians are constantly flowing? It's just that there is a rule in our country that smart people make envoys to Germany, unscrupulous people make envoys to unscrupulous countries, adults make envoys to big countries and villains make envoys to small countries. Now I have no talent, no virtue and no virtue, so I have to come to Chu as an envoy. I hope your majesty will forgive me. "
The orange in Huaibei is bitter orange.
The king of Chu was speechless. Just as a pair of warriors and a prisoner passed by the front of the temple, the king of Chu asked, "Where is this man from?" What crime did you commit? ""Qi people commit theft. " "Yan, qi people have a problem with stealing? Yan Ying knew that the King of Chu made fun of himself in this way, so he calmly replied, "I heard that oranges are called oranges in the south of Huaishui, which is especially sweet. When you move to the north of Huaishui, it becomes a bitter orange. The fruit is small, sour, bitter and inedible. The reason why there are these two diametrically opposite situations is really because of the land. Now this Qi native was born in Qi, not a thief, but a good citizen. But why did he become a thief when he came to Chu? It was Chu who brought about this change. Qi people are to Chu what oranges are to Huaibei. What does this have to do with anger? "
The king of Chu was silent for a long time and sighed, "I was going to humiliate you today, but I didn't expect you to laugh at me." This is my fault. Please forgive me! " So the king of Chu treated Yan Ying well, and Yan Ying successfully completed her mission and returned to Qi. Yan Ying faced the powerful and overbearing king of Chu and resolutely fought back. He is indomitable. In addition to maintaining his personal reputation, the ultimate goal is to maintain Qi's prestige.
The Analects of Confucius said: "Going abroad is not a shame of life." It is this spirit that Yan Yingjian keeps.
Zuo Si (about 250 ~ 305 AD) was born in Linzi (now Zibo, Shandong Province) and was a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty. His family background is Confucianism. I studied calligraphy and drum set when I was young, but I failed. Later, with my father's encouragement, I became angry and diligent. Zuo Si is ugly and awkward, and it is difficult to make friends, but his writing is magnificent. He once wrote Du Fu in one year (the full text has been lost, and several lost articles are found in Zhu and Taiping Yulan). In the eighth year of Taishi (272), his younger sister Zuo was elected to the palace, and her family moved to Luoyang as a doctor. During the Yuan Kang period, Zuo Si took part in the "Twenty-four Friends" tour of the literati group at that time and gave a lecture on Hanshu for Krabi. In the last years of Yuankang, Krabi was punished, so he retired from Yichun and concentrated on his studies. After the King of Qi, he was called the Governor of Archives, but he refused to give up his illness. In the second year of Tai 'an (303), Hejian Wang and Zhang Fang violently attacked Luoyang, moved to Jizhou, and died in Jizhou several years later.
My mother died young, and my father, Zuo Xi, was born in a small official. He was a magistrate in Taiyuan and Yiyang, and later he was promoted to the imperial court.
Zuo Si was plain when he was a child. Later, he heard from his father that his qualifications were far less than his father's, so he became a famous scholar in the Jin Dynasty.
Zuo Si was born in a poor family. Although he was brilliant, he failed repeatedly under the door-to-door system at that time, so he had to express his ambition and contempt for dignitaries in his poems and praise the hermit's lofty.
Zuo Si's piano music is "Zhao Yin", which is included in "Magic Secret Spectrum", and two poems of the same name are quoted in the explanation. In addition, some people think that Autumn Moon in Mao Ting and Thinking of Friends in the Mountains are his works, and these works are permeated with the idea of seclusion.
People often say: Luoyang has been full of talented people since ancient times. Zuo Si, a famous writer in the Western Jin Dynasty, is one of the talented people in Luoyang in ancient literary world.
The Old Biography of Zuo Si's Works consists of five volumes, but the survivors have only given two of them, with 14 poems. Sandu Fu and Ode to History are his representative works.
The completion time of Zuo Si Biezhuan in Sandu Fu, Zuo Si Zhuan in the Book of Jin and Shi Shuo Xin Yu is quite different. According to Fu Xuancong's textual research, Sandu Fu was written before the destruction of Wu in the first year of Taikang (280). In addition, modern Jiang Liangfu thinks it is 29 1 (Chronicle of the Continental Plain), while Liu Wenzhong thinks it is "difficult to determine" (Biography of Zuo Si, a famous writer in China). In Preface, Zuo Si criticized predecessors' prose as "extravagant words without proof, although beautiful", and proposed that prose should be based on its origin. In the process of writing this poem, he asked Zhang Zai, who had been to Sichuan, about Min Qiong. I also want to be a secretary of Lang, so I can read a lot of local chronicles. Therefore, the system of Sandu Fu is grand and the events are extensive. Although he emphasized that the literary thought of seeking truth from credit information was inevitably extreme, it also made Sandu Fu reflect the social life in the Three Kingdoms period to some extent. After the publication of Sandu Fu, Zhang Hua was amazed, with Huangfu Mi as the order and Zhang Zai and Liu Kui as the notes. Brief introduction of Quan Wei. For a time, very rich people competed to write articles, so that "Luoyang paper is expensive." This is not only because of the rich literary talent of Sandu Fu itself and the re-fu in the literary world at that time, but also because it contains the content that attracted the attention of the ruling and opposition parties at that time: marching into Soochow and unifying the whole country. Although the writing technique and style of this Fu are similar to Ban Gu's Fu for Two Cities and Zhang Heng's Fu for Two Cities, its ideological theme is not the traditional "satirizing one person". Therefore, Sandu Fu occupies an important position in the later great Fu. Zuo Si also has a lyric poem "Baifafu", which is simple in language, humorous in writing and implicit in feelings, which is completely different from Sandufu. It adopts the allegory of the dialogue between hair and people, and sharply criticizes the social reality of "pursuing fame and profit, being expensive is cheap".
The representative works of Zuo Si's poems include eight poems about history, which can be found in Selected Works. "Ode to History" has been a poem since Ban Gu, and the author's meaning is slightly seen in the retelling of objective facts, while Zuo Si's "Ode to History" is a complex historical fact, integrating ancient and modern, and even quoting classics, "praising the ancients and seeing their own temperament" (Shen Deqian's "Ancient Poetry Source"). Zuo Si had a strong heart of statecraft in his early years, and considered himself a brilliant Gao Xiongzhi. "Zuo Yi became Jiang Xiang, and he decided to be Hu" (No.1), hoping to make a difference. But under the pressure of the gate valve system, he was always incompetent. In the second poem "Ode to History", with the artistic image of "the valley is loose, the seedlings are left on the mountain, the stems are inch by inch, and the shadow is a hundred feet", he profoundly exposed the unreasonable phenomenon of "the world is high and handsome"; In the seventh song, he recited the bumpy experience of ancient sages and pointed out sadly: "There are no strange things in the world, but they stay in the grass." He made a fierce attack on the dark reality of killing talents, and his sharp writing style was rare in Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. The poem "Ode to History" also expounds his attitude and ambition in life by praising the ancients, claiming: "Although it is expensive, it is regarded as dust. Although the humble laugh at themselves, it is as heavy as a thousand miles. " Therefore, Zhong Rong, a critic of the Liang Dynasty, said that Zuo Si's "literary allusion is based on resentment, which is quite precise and allegorical" (poem).
The basic feature of Ode to an Epic is to express profound realistic content in ingenious artistic form. Zhong Rong said that Zuo Si was "wild", which was a prejudice limited to Qi Liang's fashion, but later critics disagreed. In fact, Zuo Si is not "literary". He often uses antithetical sentences, but it doesn't hurt to be plain; He pays attention to practicing words and sentences, without losing nature; His ancestors narrated the Han and Wei Dynasties rather than the rigid archaize, and he wrote elegantly, such as "A thousand clothes and a thousand feet, full of Wan Li flow" and "Long whistling stirs the breeze, no Dongwu", all of which are vivid poems. The poem "Ode to History" is simple in language, full of emotion and vigorous in momentum. Although it expresses the inner depression and distress, it does not reveal the emotional appeal of depression and decadence. Poems in full swing echo the sadness of endless ambition and are close to the generosity of Jian 'an literature. Therefore, during the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wang Fuzhi once said: "The Three Kingdoms were reduced to the Western Jin Dynasty, with unhealthy writing style and ancient hearts. Those who come to our country are in no hurry to return. " (Selected comments on ancient poems) Zhong Rong called Zuo Si's style of chanting epic poems "Zuo Si's style". Zuo Si Li Feng once had an influence on Tao Yuanming. Zuo Si's artistic image of "pine at the bottom of a ravine" was also borrowed by Fan Li in the Southern Dynasty and Wang Bo in the early Tang Dynasty to express his intellectual anguish.
Zuo Si also wrote two poems "Introduction", which were beautifully written. Among them, "there is no need for silk and bamboo, and the mountains and rivers have clear sounds", which is very appreciated by future generations. A poem of a charming girl has simple language and sincere feelings, and the love for her little daughter is vividly on the paper. Tao Yuanming's Responsibility, Du Fu's Northern Expedition and Li Shangyin's Proud Poems were all influenced by it. In addition, he also has a Miscellaneous Poem and two Mourning for Sister. The former is similar in style to epic poems, while the latter is a four-character poem, elegant and dignified.
Zuo Si's works are included in Complete Poems of Ancient Three Generations, Three Kingdoms and Six Dynasties and Poems of Pre-Qin, Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties by Kai.
Zuo Si was born in poverty and was ugly, but he regarded honor and disgrace as floating clouds and fame and fortune as dirt. He devoted all his energy to his study and literary creation and wrote many famous sentences that have been passed down to this day. In Jizhong, after the publication of Sandu Fu, it was warmly praised by all walks of life in the government and the public, and it was popular in Luoyang for a while, and your house rushed to copy it, so the paper price in Luoyang market became expensive. Since then, "Luoyang paper is expensive" has become a famous allusion, which is often used to praise some of them for spreading quickly and widely.
The Luoyang city in Zuo Si's Sandu Fu has long been turned into ruins by ruthless historical storms, and today's Luoyang city is incomparable at any time in history. I believe that if Zuo Si was born again a thousand years ago and saw today's Luoyang, there will be more beautiful and colorful Sandu Fu popular on the streets of Luoyang, and there will be a new story of "Luoyang paper is expensive"!
Bao Zheng-Integrity and strict law enforcement.
For nearly a thousand years, Bao Gong has always been an upright Bao Qingtian who pleaded for the people. Today, Bao Gong's image is still active in plays, novels and folklore.
Officialdom career
Bao Zheng, born in Hefei, Luzhou (now Hefei, Anhui), came from a bureaucratic family. Born in the second year of Xianping in the Northern Song Dynasty (999). In operas such as Bao Mian and Bao Gong's Apology, it is said that Bao Zheng was abandoned by his parents and brought up by Bao Zheng's eldest sister-in-law, which does not conform to the historical reality. In fact, when Bao Zheng was a teenager, he was deeply loved and nurtured by his parents. When Bao Zheng grew up, he was also extremely filial to his parents. Ouyang Xiu, a contemporary of Bao Zheng, once played Bao Zheng's Little Knowledge. The "knowledge" here mainly refers not to reading and cultural level, but to ignorance of the world. Ouyang Xiu actually did not belittle Bao Zheng, but thought that Bao Zheng "had little filial piety and was heard in the village;" He should be given a more suitable and appropriate official position. Bao Zheng also studied hard when he was a teenager, so at the age of 29, he was finally admitted to Jinshi Jiake. According to the regulations of the Song Dynasty, the Jinshi who passed the examination could become an official. Bao Zheng was sent to Jianchang County (now Shuixiu, Jiangxi Province). However, Bao Zheng thought that his parents were old and should be filial, so he requested to go back to Anhui and become an official in Hezhou (now Anhui County). But parents wanted their son to be around, so Bao Zheng decided to resign and go home to honor his parents for many years. Bao Zheng didn't want to leave his hometown until his parents died and his mourning period expired. This feudal filial piety was praised by hometown people at that time. In recent years, a tombstone erected by Bao Zheng for his father Bao Lingyi was found in Hefei, Anhui Province. The tablet is engraved with "tombstone given by Song Dynasty to assistant minister of punishments" 12 characters. This is not only a precious cultural relic left by Bao Zheng, but also a testimony of his filial piety. Due to the advice of the elders in his hometown, Bao Zheng left his hometown and his parents' spiritual land and became a magistrate in Tianchang County (now Tianchang, Anhui Province). At this time, Bao Zheng was a middle-aged man in his forties. In the first year of Kangding (1040), Bao Zheng went out to know Duanzhou (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong). Duanzhou produces a famous inkstone called Duanyan. Duanyan pays tribute to the court every year. Due to local officials and landlords, the output of Duanyan is very large, but it has become a heavy burden for the people. Bao Zheng ordered tyrannical officials not to embezzle, and only to pay tribute to the court according to the prescribed amount. And he himself never wanted a Guangdong inkstone until he left Duanzhou. Perhaps because of Bao Zheng's selfless personality, he was appreciated by ministers, so the court transferred Bao Zheng to Kaifeng, the capital, after three years in Li Qing (1043). This is the second time that Bao Zheng has come to Beijing since the senior high school entrance examination. Bao Zheng was appointed suggestion. At that time, although there was not much real power to supervise the proposal, it was very important to Bao Zheng. This is because, from now on, Bao directly participates in state affairs and can put forward opinions and suggestions on all aspects of the court, especially on employing people. As a matter of fact, Bao Zheng did put forward many criticisms and improvement measures on the internal affairs and diplomacy of the Northern Song Dynasty during his tenure as an imperial adviser, and also sent envoys to the Khitan (Liao State) and accomplished the task brilliantly. In the summer of the sixth year of Li Qing (1046), Bao Zheng was transferred to the third division as a judge. At that time, the third division was the central financial institution, and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was in charge of national household registration and two taxes. Judges from the Ministry of Housing assist the work of the Third Court. Soon, Bao Zheng successively served as the transshipment ambassador of JD.COM, Shaanxi and Hebei, and the transshipment ambassador was responsible for the financial and supervision administrative affairs along the way (equivalent to the province). At the local level, Bao Zheng attached great importance to observing people's feelings and asked the court to let the people rest and live and work in peace and contentment. Two years later, Bao Zheng was recalled to Kaifeng and promoted to the position of deputy envoy of the Ministry. During this period, he went to Hebei to solve the problem of rations, and went to Shaanxi to solve the problem of salt industry in Yuncheng (now Shanxi). In Hebei, he invited the fields used for raising horses to be returned to the local people and farmers. In Yuncheng, he reformed the salt tax law to facilitate businessmen to operate the salt industry. Excellent work and the effect of benefiting the country and the people promoted Bao Zheng to Tianzhangge, the place where imperial books and documents were stored, with the title of "Pending System" (1050). Bao Zheng, also known as "Bao Zhi Dai", is just a polite address for him. However, it is important to know that the remonstrance court is also an remonstrance officer. The task of remonstrating officials is to remonstrate with the emperor about the shortcomings of political affairs, which can involve all aspects of political affairs. During his part-time job as an admonisher, Bao Zheng not only criticized lawless dignitaries many times, but also put forward innovative suggestions on many aspects of political affairs. It's a pity that two years later, Bao Zheng changed his name to Longtuge straight bachelor, which was also an empty title (people called him Baolongtu from now on), and left Beijing again to serve as a local official in Luzhou, Hebei, Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui) and Jiangning (now Jiangning, Jiangsu). It was not until three years (1056) that he returned to Beijing and served as Kaifeng prefect. In the fourth year of Jiaqing (1059), Bao Zheng was promoted to the position of official at that time, with a bachelor's degree in Council and three secretaries. In the second year, he was promoted to third secretary and deputy envoy, equivalent to deputy prime minister. However, the sun has already set in Bao Zheng, which is over 60 years old. In the seventh year of Garber (1062), Bao Zheng died in Kaifeng on May 25th. Emperor Injong went to Bao Zheng's home to bid farewell to Bao Zheng for the last time, ratified him as the history of does, and gave him a "filial piety", so Bao Zheng was also called Bao Xiao Su after his death. In his later years, he set up a stone tablet at home, engraved with "family training and honesty", which read: "Future generations are officials, and some people commit stolen goods ... If they are not my sons, they will be grandchildren." His deeds have been circulated among the people for a long time. In the past, novels and operas were the main themes. Chen Zhou talks about secrets and other works have been included in Yuan Zaju. After that, it spread widely and formed a rich legend. His posthumous works include The Memorial of the Bag.
Advocate reform
Bao Zheng lived in the Injong era, not as lively as in the early Song Dynasty. Redundant officials, soldiers and expenses became the three major disasters at that time. The burden on the people has increased, and soldier riots and peasant uprisings have occurred everywhere. Faced with this situation, Bao Zheng, out of concern for the country and people, advocated rectifying and reforming current politics. It should be said that Bao Zheng's reform proposal was to consolidate the feudal autocratic rule in the Song Dynasty, but objectively speaking, it was beneficial to the lower classes at that time. This is why Bao Zheng is loved by people all over the world. The huge bureaucratic system in the Northern Song Dynasty was troubled by redundant officials, and Bao Zheng thought it was necessary to rectify and innovate. He not only advocated that people should be loyal to the monarch, but also suggested promoting talented, honest and clean people who are selfless and diligent in serving the country. He not only impeached Wang Kui seven times, but also urged Zhang Yaozuo, a relative of the emperor, to remove his important post regardless of the risks. In Bao Zheng's view, the "official ignorant" mediocrity, no matter how big the official position, must step down. He once suggested reforming the system of selecting and employing people. He advocates that officials must leave at the age of 70. He exposed those bureaucrats who didn't want to leave their jobs but didn't know how to be honest. They were "greedy and adventurous, but they took care of their children's plans". He advocated that you can't make a wish to be an official at will, even if it is a gift. That is to say, children and grandchildren who are hired by their father's merits must pass the exam. These are all to solve the problem of redundant staff. In fact, Bao Zheng did not object to the New Deal celebration hosted by Fan Zhongyan. After the failure of the New Deal, many officials were punished. Bao Zheng strongly complained about these aggressive officials and advocated using them. On the economic front, Bao Zheng advocates reducing expenditure on the one hand and not abusing civilians on the other. At that time, there was a policy that the government forcibly purchased materials needed by the country from urban people, and the price was lower than the market price. This has become a means of exploiting the people. Bao Zheng resolutely opposes this policy of harming the people. He listed the harm of Shaanxi's forced purchase of military materials, saying that "many families were ruined before and after", so he called for the abolition of this method. Bao Zheng suggested that the materials urgently needed by the country should be "bought locally" and purchased freely at reasonable prices. This proposal is not only conducive to reducing people's burden, but also conducive to commodity circulation and production. The problem of salt solution in Yuncheng mentioned earlier is also because Bao Zheng strongly supports the reform, changing the production and sales of salt solution from the original official monopoly to allowing businessmen to buy and sell. This reform not only relieves the people of the burden of carrying official salt for the government, but also facilitates the circulation of salt. Shen Kuo praised this "trade law". "It has been implemented for decades and is profitable so far." In addition, Bao Zheng also advocated that all fields should be taxed, that is, the land of landlords should be measured to prevent them from evading taxes. He also encourages private mining and ironmaking. It can be seen that Bao Zheng's economic thought and economic reform are aimed at "enriching the country and benefiting the people". In the Song Dynasty's national defense and foreign policy, Bao Zheng also advocated enriching the people and strengthening the country, improving border defense measures and safeguarding the country's independence and dignity. When he was in Liao country, it was difficult for him, and he argued for it and was neither humble nor supercilious. After returning home, he immediately reported to the court what he had seen and heard in Liao country. He said that Liao's intention to gather military forces and grain and grass in northern Shanxi was inevitable. He suggested that we must strengthen the combat readiness in Yanmenguan, Daizhou (Daixian) and Yingzhou (Yingxian) along the Song-Liao border in Shanxi. In the past, Liao occupied the border territory because the border guards were timid and did not dare to fight. Now we should order the border guards to defend strictly and not lose an inch of land. In addition, the guards here used to be amateurs in the army, and now they must send people who understand the military to lead and command. The imperial court adopted Bao Zheng's suggestion and strengthened the defense of Hebei and Shanxi. More importantly, Bao Zheng put forward the idea of reducing "the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled" in order to train troops and strengthen combat effectiveness. At the same time, he also proposed to strengthen the training of folk volunteers in border areas. In the Song Dynasty, soldiers were often mobilized to prevent military commanders from monopolizing power, but it caused the disadvantage that soldiers did not know the generals and would not know the soldiers. Bao Zheng believes that this policy should be changed to give general officers the right to work and should not be transferred easily. Valuably, Bao Zheng suggested strengthening national defense and military strength without increasing people's burden. At that time, farmers in the Central Plains, especially those in Hebei and Shanxi, were struggling to deliver rations. Bao Zheng once suggested that in the harvest year, the grain of local farmers can be purchased and stored as future rations to reduce transportation difficulties. Bao Zheng's thought of reforming state affairs to benefit the country and the people has its ideological basis. He always believes that the common people are the foundation of the country. Only when ordinary people live a better life and are not oppressed by corrupt officials can the country be prosperous and peaceful. If people all over the world are in dire straits because of excessive exploitation, not only will the country not be rich and strong, but it will also cause officials to rebel and shake feudal rule. This is why he advocated reform and became a famous "honest official" in the history of our country. Although Bao Zheng's starting point and motivation are all for the long-term stability of the Song Dynasty, not entirely for the people of the world, it is better than those "corrupt officials" who oppress the exploited.
staunch and uprigh
A person's history of merits and demerits should be written by his own actions. Once his behavior is proved to be beneficial to society and the people, the people will give him a proper evaluation. I'm afraid this evaluation will not disappear with some temporary condemnation. The famous Bao Zheng in history is praised and missed by people. It is because of Bao Zheng's life-long practice that it is beneficial to the society and the people. This practice is not only because he did good things for the people at that time, but also because his personal moral quality is indeed beyond the reach of many contemporaries and even future generations. First of all, he is straightforward, neither duplicity nor conspiracy theory. He never follows the trend, sees the color, does not talk big or lie. Even in front of the emperor, he is outspoken and not afraid to offend the emperor. In order to establish a prince, Bao Zheng once risked his life to remonstrate and publicly told the emperor that I was old and had no son. If I think I'm wrong, it doesn't matter, it's not for my promotion anyway. Fortunately, Song Renzong doesn't have to deal with Bao Zheng. On the contrary, we can discuss it slowly. Bao Zheng also said that eunuchs in the palace have too much power and pay too much, so they should streamline their personnel and expenses. Of course, this will offend the emperor's cronies and bring disaster. Fortunately, the emperor said, "Advice that is hard to listen to is bound to suffer, but only when most people least pay attention.". The whole thing will be beneficial, whether it is established or not, there is no harm. Why refuse to take responsibility? " Bao Zheng finally met a more enlightened Song Renzong. Otherwise, my head would have fallen to the ground. This fearless spirit of integrity made the people at that time and some courtiers with a sense of justice admire Bao Zheng. Ouyang Xiu praised Bao Zheng's "steep nature". Yes, Bao Zheng, a loyal honest and frank, sometimes even scolds the Prime Minister or other ministers face to face regardless of relevant regulations and etiquette, making ministers lose face. Ouyang Xiu disapproved of Bao Zheng's practice and thought that Bao Zheng was honest and "immature". In fact, people like Bao Zheng are in great need in the conservative and indifferent Song Renzong era. This is always good for correcting the current disadvantages. As for ways and means,