Guanzhong reform is also called Guanzhong reform. Guan Zhong (about 723 BC or before 7 16-645 BC), Ji's surname is Guan Shi, whose name is Yi Wu, and the word is Zhong, and he is called Guan Zi, Wu Zi and Guan Zi. Yingshang people (now Yingshang County, Anhui Province) are descendants of Zhou Muwang. He was a famous economist, politician and strategist in ancient China. Later generations are praised as "the teacher of saints", "the protector of Chinese civilization" and "the first phase of China". With the support of Qi Huangong, Guan Zhong made great reforms during his tenure as prime minister, making Qiang Bing rich and attaching importance to business. His biography is recorded in Warring States Policy, Qi Yu in Mandarin, Historical Records, Biography of Yan Guan, Guanzi and Zuo Zhuan.
Guan Zhong's mercantilist policy made Qi's industry and commerce flourish, relying on the state's monopoly on commerce and management (planned economy) to become rich and strong.
pipe/tube
Guan Zhong achieved great success during his 40 years as prime minister. He is not only a knowledgeable thinker, but also an outstanding politician, which can be said to be the only successful model among the pre-Qin philosophers. Even today, Guan Zhong's ideological legacy still has reference significance.
2. Warring States: Li Kui's political reform-the earliest political reform.
Li Kui's political reform refers to the political reform in which Li Kui was appointed as prime minister when Wei Wenhou of Wei was in power during the Warring States Period. Politically, Li Kui advocated abolishing hereditary aristocratic privileges, selecting and appointing talents and strictly rewarding and punishing them. Economically, the method of making full use of soil and leveling land is mainly implemented. It greatly promoted the development of Wei's agricultural production and made Wei rich and strong. In order to further carry out the reform, consolidate the reform results, collect the criminal codes of various countries, write a book "Legal Classics", affirm and protect the reform in the form of law, and fix the feudal legal rights. Wei's political reform was the beginning of China's political reform, which had a far-reaching influence in the history of China. At that time, it was a great shock to other countries, which triggered the first vigorous national reform in China's history and paved the way for the transition from slavery to feudalism. Later, the famous Shang Yang Reform and Wuqi Reform were all influenced by Li Kui Reform.
3. Warring States Period: Shang Yang's Reform-the most successful, profound and influential reform.
Shang Yang was a famous politician and the main representative of legalist thought in the Warring States period. At that time, Shang Yang won the trust and held the military and political power of Qin for one or twenty years. Shang Yang lived in the mid-Warring States period, and wars of vassal separatism and annexation were frequent. In order to enrich Qin and establish a unified feudal empire, he successively carried out two political reform activities centered on "agricultural war" and "rule of law". Shang Yang's political reform was a profound social change in the history of our country, which effectively dealt a blow to the old system and the old relations of production, made the backward State of Qin a first-class power that overwhelmed the six countries, and laid a solid foundation for Qin Shihuang's later unification of China.
4. Song Dynasty: Wang Anshi's political reform-a famous political reform.
Wang Anshi was a famous writer and politician in Song Dynasty. His political reform played a positive role in consolidating the rule of Song Dynasty and increasing national income. But it also violated the interests of the big landlords and was opposed by many courtiers. Although Wang Anshi insisted on "three fears", many people heard the voice of opposition. Song Shenzong is not as firm as he is, so he vacillates. Seeing that the new law could not be implemented, Wang Anshi was so angry that he wrote to resign and went to jiangning house for illness. The following year, Song Shenzong recalled Wang Anshi to Beijing as prime minister. Just a few months later, a comet appeared in the sky, which is a normal natural phenomenon and is considered as an unlucky omen. Some conservatives took the opportunity to attack the new law. Wang Anshi tried to defend the new law and asked Song Shenzong not to believe this superstition, but Song Shenzong still hesitated. Wang Anshi can't continue to carry out his ideas. In the spring of the third year, he resigned as prime minister and returned to jiangning house.
There have always been many opinions about Wang Anshi's political reform. Wang Anshi's political reform aims at "enriching Qiang Bing". After the implementation of each new law, it basically achieved the expected results, but all the new laws violated the interests of middle and upper-level officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers to a greater or lesser extent, and Wang Anshi's reform was finally abandoned.
5. Zhang Reform-Wanli New Deal
During the Wanli period, Zhang, a cabinet official, carried out reforms in politics, economy and national defense in order to save the Ming Dynasty and ease social contradictions. Starting from maintaining the long-term rule of the Ming Dynasty, some people in power within the ruling class believe that politics must be reformed to find a way to save themselves. In this situation, Zhang carried out new reform measures. After this reform, the centralized feudal state machine was strengthened, and "laws must be enforced" and "words must be enforced" were basically realized, which greatly increased the fiscal revenue of the Ming government and restored and developed the social economy. The national treasury has accumulated as much as 67 million taels of silver, and the grain reserve has reached more than130,000 stone, which is enough to last for ten years. Compared with the situation that the national stock of grain was less than one year during Jiajing period, it was already a great progress. It reversed the corrupt political situation in the Ming Dynasty.
However, the reform inevitably touches the interests of a considerable number of bureaucrats, gentry and vested interests, and will naturally be strongly opposed by conservatives. Moreover, history is too deep and stubborn to return. After ten years of Wanli (1582), Zhang broke down from overwork and died soon, and the opposition immediately attacked him. Fight back like crazy. They criticized Zhang's reform, arguing that clearing Zhang's land was "increasing taxes and harming the people" and that the implementation of "one whip law" was a destruction of the patriarchal clan system. When Zhang died, they ordered his rank and title to be revoked, and then looted his property.
Zhang's eldest son Zhang was forced to commit suicide and other family members were persecuted. Zhang's reform measures, of course, have also been destroyed, and the Ming dynasty politics, which has just turned the corner, has begun to decline again.
6. Qing Dynasty: The Reform Movement of 1898-the most heroic reform.
1In April, 895, the news that Japan signed the treaty of shimonoseki by force reached Beijing. Kang Youwei launched more than 300 juren who took the exam in Beijing to write to Emperor Guangxu, complaining about the grim situation of national peril, and put forward the idea of rejecting peace, moving the capital, training and reform. Writing on the Bus started the reform.
Emperor Guangxu issued a series of imperial edicts and decrees on the basis of the suggestions of Kang Youwei and others. The main contents are as follows: economically, set up agriculture and industry bureau and general administration of railways and mines to promote the establishment of industry; Building railways and mining mineral deposits; Organize chambers of commerce; Reform finance. Politically, the door is wide open to allow scholars to write books and talk about things; Cut down green camp and train a new army. Culturally, abolish stereotyped writing and advocate western learning; Establishing Shi Jing University Hall; Run a translation bookstore to send overseas students; Reward scientific works and inventions. These reform decrees aim at learning western culture, science and technology and management system, developing capitalism, establishing constitutional monarchy and making the country rich and strong.
The New Deal was resisted by former ministers from the beginning. In particular, Rong Lu, minister of Beiyang and governor of Zhili, was a conservative leader. Emperor Guangxu summoned Yuan Shikai, the provincial judge of Zhili who commanded the Beiyang New Army, in the Summer Palace. After the interview, he was promoted to assistant minister. On the other hand, Rong Lu, the governor of Zhili, went to Britain and Russia and urged Yuan to return to Tianjin as soon as possible. According to Yuan Shikai's diary, Tan Sitong later went to Yuan Shikai's residence in the evening, revealing that the emperor hoped that Yuan Shikai would arise and be diligent, so as to kill Rong Lu and surround the Summer Palace where Empress Dowager Cixi lived. Two days later, Yuan Shikai returned to Tianjin and reported Tan Sitong's plan to Rong Lu. Empress dowager cixi returned to the palace to face the DPRK, declared martial law and stopped the train; In other words, imprisoning Emperor Guangxu, abolishing the New Deal and looking for reformists was a coup in 1898, ending the reform of 103 days. Among the reformists, Kang Youwei left Beijing early and Liang Qichao fled to the Japanese embassy. Dozens of people, such as Tan Sitong, Yang Rui, Liu Guangdi, and Kang, who are known as the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898", were arrested, and six people were beheaded in the food market. Xu Zhijing was sentenced to life imprisonment; Zhang Fa matches Xinjiang. All the new policies, except Shi Jing University Hall, have been abolished.