1. Alexander's personality: Alexander is the most dramatic figure in history, and his experience and personality have always been the source of strength. The hard facts about his career are very dramatic. There are many legends about his name. His ambition is obviously to be the greatest warrior without time and space constraints, and it seems that he should be given this title. As a soldier, he is both wise and brave; As a general, he is unparalleled. He never lost a battle in 1 1 year. However, he is still a disciple of Aristotle and a man of extraordinary wisdom. He loves Homer's poems. He realized that non-Greeks were not necessarily barbarians, which really showed that he was far more far-sighted than most Greek thinkers at that time. However, in other ways, he is short-sighted and conspicuous. Although he risked his life in many battles, he did not arrange a successor, which was the main reason for the rapid disintegration of Macedonian empire after his death. It is generally believed that Alexander is a popular figure. He always gives meticulous care, love and comfort to the defeated enemy, but on the other hand, he is cruel and extremely selfish. Once, because of a drunken dispute, he personally killed his close friend and savior Cletus. Like Napoleon and Hitler, Alexander had a great influence on his contemporaries. His influence was not as good as theirs in a short time, probably mainly because of the backwardness of transportation and communication means at that time, which limited his influence to a smaller scope on the earth. In the long run, the most important influence brought by Alexander's conquest is that the civilized nations in Greece and the Middle East have started close contacts, thus greatly enriching the cultures of these two nations. During Alexander's lifetime and shortly after his death, Greek culture quickly spread to Iran, Mesopotamia, Syria, Zhu Di and Egypt. Greek culture before Alexander was only introduced into these areas at a slow speed. Alexander also spread the influence of Greece to India and Central Asia, which he had never achieved before. But cultural influence is by no means a one-way spread. In the era of Greek culture (hundreds of years after Alexander's conquest), oriental thoughts, especially religious thoughts, were introduced into the Greek world. It is this Greek culture that mainly refers to the culture with Greek characteristics but also deeply influenced by the East, which finally influenced Rome. Persian War: In the first half of the 5th century BC, the ancient Persian Empire, entrenched in the Iranian Plateau in West Asia, launched a large-scale war of aggression against the ancient Greek city-states located in the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe with its strong economic strength and military strength. The whole war was repeated and intermittent, starting in 492 BC and ending in 449 BC, which lasted for 32 years. It is an example of a group of small countries uniting to defeat the attack of big countries, and it is a typical example of defeating many with few and defeating the strong with weak in ancient western military history. In the arduous struggle to defend national independence and civil liberties, the ancient Greeks successfully used strategies and tactics, correctly selected the direction and place of attack, and flexibly used offensive and defensive means, which provided rich experience and lessons in military struggle. In the later period of the war, the Greek city-states headed by Athens formed a "maritime offensive and defensive alliance", which was called "Tyrol alliance" by historians, and actively turned to a strategic attack on Persia, which changed the nature of the war. However, this war has had a far-reaching impact on the historical development of the warring parties and even the western world. It changed the course of human history and played an important role in the history of war. The Persian War was mainly caused by the westward expansion of the Persian Empire. By the end of the 6th century BC, Persians had gradually invaded the Greek immigrant city-states in Asia Minor on the east coast of the Aegean Sea, enslaved the Greeks and aroused the constant resistance of Greek immigrants. At the same time, the Persian empire then crossed the sea into Europe and began to attack northern Greece, which caused strong dissatisfaction among the Greek native States. Since then, the contradiction between Persians and Greeks has developed day by day, which eventually led to serious opposition between the two sides and triggered a national war between the East and the West in ancient times. The occurrence and development of this war went through a historical process. In 449 BC, Greece and Persia signed the Calhas Peace Treaty in Susa, ending the war. The peace treaty stipulates that Persia will not send warships into the Aegean Sea and give up control of the Hellers Strait and the Bosphorus Strait; Recognize the independent status of the Greek city-state on the west coast of Asia Minor and assume corresponding obligations; However, the island of Cyprus was returned to Persian jurisdiction. At this point, the Persian war that lasted for decades officially ended. The Persian dream of annexing Greece was finally dashed. However, as a big country in West Asia and a close neighbor of Greece, Persia still has a great influence on the political situation in Greece. The end of the Persian-Persian war had a far-reaching historical impact on the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states. Therefore, the expansion of Persia has been curbed, but it has not been seriously damaged, and its centralized autocratic rule has not wavered. The signing of the peace treaty only limited its development in the Mediterranean and Europe. Therefore, the empire, as always, constantly strengthened its own political, economic and cultural development, and made many achievements, which lasted for more than 100 years. War is of great significance to the Greek polis. As a result, they won independence and freedom, and got a great opportunity to accelerate their development, thus making the politics and economy of Greek slavery reach its peak. Among them, for Athens, the significance is particularly special. The war established its maritime hegemony, controlled important strategic strongholds and trade routes at sea, and thus gained a broad market and a place to supply food and raw materials, which led to the vigorous development of the slave economy and continuously improved the lives of citizens. During the war, the wealthy citizens of Athens paid for the cost of building warships and equipping the navy in the form of "public welfare donations"; Fourth-class citizens serve extensively in the navy, which improves their role in national life. In this way, the contradiction between all levels of the city-state was alleviated, and the development of the city-state system was promoted politically. Military victory, economic prosperity, improvement of living standards and political improvement laid the foundation for the arrival of the "golden age" of the slave city-state of Athens. Therefore, the emergence of "Pericles era" has its historical roots. 3. Expedition to India: At this time, Alexander had conquered the entire Persian Empire and could have returned to his hometown and re-planned his new territory. However, his desire to conquer was not satisfied. Instead, he continued to send troops into Afghanistan and crossed the Hindu Kush Mountains from Afghanistan into India. He marched into the Haida Pesi River to the east of the Indus River, confronted King Porras Jiahe of India, who came to the war, and fought the last battle of his four major battles: the Battle of Haida Pesi, which completely defeated Porras' army. Because he admired Paula's bravery and won the support of the local people, Alexander released the captured Paula after the war and still made him king of India. Although porras' two sons and a grandson were killed on the battlefield, porras himself remained unswervingly loyal to Alexander. At this time, Alexander's army was tired of fighting, and Alexander had to start returning to the west. On the way, he also sent people to carry out a series of exploration activities, including finding out the mouth of the Indus River, looking for the Persian Gulf, drawing coastal topographic maps, trying to find out whether the Caspian Sea is a sea or a lake, and so on.

After conquering Persia, Alexander was obviously a little complacent. Despite the opposition of his soldiers, he persisted in marching into India. In the northwest of India, he defeated the allied forces of the Indian prince and planned to continue to March into the Ganges River basin. Because the soldiers have been fighting abroad all the year round, they are already very tired and have the idea of returning to their hometown. In their view, the wealth captured from the Indus Valley in Persia, Egypt, Babylon and India can be enjoyed for a lifetime, but Alexander doesn't think so. He boasted that he was a descendant of Achilles and had to complete the mission of conquering the East. However, Alexander found his prestige weakening, and obedient soldiers didn't buy it. Alexander's carrot and stick didn't help. He felt helpless, disappointed and confused. All day, he hid in the tent and refused to come out. Later, he finally made a decision to retreat, leaving only some people stationed in strategic locations. Alexander's army retreated in two ways: one led by Admiral Nie Alhos and retreated from the sea; He led himself all the way and retreated by land. At the beginning of 324 BC, the two armies met again in the city of Opus in Babylon. At this point, the Alexander crusade in 10 ended, and few elite soldiers followed Alexander's crusade.