The structure of classical gardens in China is dominated by natural landscapes, with artificial buildings such as palaces, corridors, buildings and pavilions, imitating nature by artificial means, which is permeated with humanistic thoughts in different historical periods, especially the ideological realm of poetry, ci and painting.
The classification of ancient gardens in China can be classified in different ways from different angles. There are generally two classifications. It is unique among the Han architecture in China, and the classical garden architecture has made great achievements.
The basic features of classical gardens in China are as follows:
1, Moshan flooding landscape type
Rural landscape types, which are composed of natural resources such as topography, hydrogeology and native plants, are the constituent elements of the spatial theme of China classical gardens. The exquisite craftsmanship of local materials and the artistic expression of garden landscape are one of the main features of my traditional gardens in China. China's classical gardens emphasize that "although it is made by people, it is natural", "it comes from nature and is higher than nature", and people's understanding and feelings about nature.
2. An ideal environment suitable for human habitation
Pursuing the ideal living environment and creating healthy, comfortable, fresh and pleasant microclimate conditions, due to the relatively bad living environment in ancient China, China classical garden landscaping pays great attention to the improvement of microclimate conditions and creates a more comfortable and pleasant environment, such as landscape layout, plant planting and pavilion building. , are based on light and shadow, airflow, temperature and other factors affecting human comfort, forming a comfortable and pleasant ideal living environment.
3. Make good use of the vision of lending.
Don't stick to the scope of the courtyard, use the scenery to expand the visual boundary of the space, so that the garden landscape can be linked and echoed with the external natural landscape, and a holistic garden landscape can be created. Whether moving or watching, you can see beautiful scenery and pursue unlimited spatial visual effects.
4. Step by step spatial organization
The combination of dynamic and static, the contrast between reality and reality, the connecting link between the preceding and the following, the gradual change of space, the fascinating and gradual change, the garden-style spatial layout principle often divides the whole garden into many spaces with different shapes, scales and personalities, and mixes the elements that make up the space, interlaces and shields each other, and divides nature, mountains and rivers, human landscapes and so on into several sections for display respectively.
5. See the spatial effect from small to large.
Ancient garden artists grasped the typical features of various beautiful scenery in nature, refined and cut them, and put the peaks and valleys into small courtyards again and again, highlighting the three-dimensional space effect on the two-dimensional garden site. "Build infinite space with limited area". "Big" and "small" are relative, and the key is to "fake the natural scenery, create the true interest of mountains and rivers, and get the artistic conception of gardens".
6, intriguing garden culture
People often use landscape poems and landscape paintings to express their thoughts and artistic conception of pursuing detachment and harmonious coexistence with nature. Classical gardens often express the artistic conception of the landscape through couplets, stone carvings, calligraphy, art, literature, philosophy, music and other forms, thus making the elements of the garden rich in connotation and landscape thickness.
China classical gardens refer to China landscape gardens represented by private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River and royal gardens in the north. They are unique in the history of world garden development and are valuable historical and cultural heritage of all mankind.
The classification of classical gardens in China can be classified in different ways from different angles. There are usually three categories:
【 According to the site selection and development mode of garden base 】 Artificial landscape gardens are all built on flat land, especially in towns. It is also called "urban mountain forest" to create a small environment simulating nature and wildness in the urban architectural environment, just like an oasis. The key to the development of natural landscape architecture is the location of the base. If the site is selected properly, the natural scenery will be much more interesting than the artificial landscape garden with small money.
[According to the owner's identity and affiliation]
Royal Garden 1
The royal garden is a garden for emperors to rest and entertain. The ancients said that there is no king in the world. In the view of the ruling class, the mountains and rivers of the country belong to the royal family. Therefore, it is characterized by large scale, many mountains and waters, magnificent architectural colors and tall buildings. The existing famous royal gardens include the Summer Palace in Beijing, Beihai Park in Beijing and the Summer Resort in Chengde, Hebei. Belonging to the emperor and the royal family, it is called Yuan, Yuan Yong, Yu Garden and Yu Garden in ancient books.
2. Private garden
It is a leisure garden for the royal family, nobles and wealthy businessmen. It is characterized by its small scale, so rockeries and fake water are often used, and the buildings are small and exquisite, showing its elegant and quaint colors. Existing private gardens, such as Gongwangfu in Beijing, Humble Administrator's Garden, Lingering Garden in Suzhou, Canglang Pavilion, Netlion Garden and Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai. It belongs to the private property of nobles, bureaucrats and gentry. In ancient books, it is called garden, garden pavilion, garden villa, billiard hall, mountain pond, mountain villa, other businesses, thatched cottage and so on.
[According to the geographical location of the garden]
1, north type
The northern gardens are wide in area and scope; Because most of them are located in Baixian County, the buildings are magnificent. Limited by natural meteorological conditions, there are few rivers, lakes, boulders and evergreen trees. Therefore, the style is rough and the aesthetic feeling and charm are insufficient. Representatives of northern gardens are mostly concentrated in Beijing, Luoyang, Xi 'an, Kaifeng and other places, with Beijing as the representative.
2. Jiangnan type
The population in the south is relatively dense, so the garden area is small; Because there are many rivers and lakes, garden stones and evergreen trees, the garden scenery is more delicate and exquisite. Because of the above conditions, it is characterized by beauty, elegance, simplicity and deep twists and turns, but it is a bit cramped because of its small area. Representatives of southern gardens are mostly concentrated in Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuxi, Suzhou, Hangzhou, Shaoxing and other places, especially Suzhou.
3. Lingnan type
Because Lingnan is located in the subtropical zone, with evergreen seasons and numerous rivers, the gardening conditions are better than those in the north and south. Its obvious characteristics are tropical scenery and tall and spacious buildings. There are Lingnan gardens, such as Qinghui Garden in Shunde, Guangdong, Keyuan Garden in Dongguan and Yuyin Mountain Residence in Panyu. In addition to the three major theme styles, there are various forms such as Bashu Garden and Western Region Garden. China classical gardens have their own ways to deal with some common design concepts of eastern and western gardens; Moreover, after combining its own historical, cultural and geographical characteristics, it also presents some unique features.
1, the nature worship of the unity of man and nature
2. Landscape types that imitate the natural landscape pattern
3, poetic expression.
4. Comfortable and pleasant living environment
5. Be good at broadening your horizons by borrowing.
6. Stepwise spatial sequence
7, see the big visual effect with small.
8. Euphemistic and implicit emotional expression
Four classical gardens in China: Summer Palace, Summer Resort, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden.
Four classical gardens in Suzhou (Canglang Pavilion, Lion Forest, Humble Administrator's Garden and Lingering Garden)