Sima Qian was born in a historian's family. His predecessor was a cycle historian. His father, Sima Tan, was an official of the Taishi Order in the early period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and he wrote Six Outlines. He is interested in writing the history of the Han Dynasty. On his deathbed, he told Sima Qian to remember the history of the Han Dynasty and compile history books. 10 years old, reciting ancient prose. Later, he studied classics, mastered history books and was good at poetry. He is only 20 years old. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty toured the whole country. He investigated and visited everywhere, collected information and learned about customs, which laid a good foundation for the revision of history. In the third year of Yuan Dynasty (108), Sima Qian became the official of Taishi, in charge of astronomy, calendars, notes, books and archives, and began to write history. He participated in the compilation of taichu calendar. During the Tianhan period, Li Ling suffered a disaster and was jailed. Following the orders of the Secretariat of China, none of this affected his work of revising history. And every cloud has a silver lining, angrily wrote, and finally wrote "Taishi Gongshu", which was later "Historical Records".
Historical Records 130, with more than 520,000 words, describes thousands of years of history from Huangdi to Emperor Wudi of the Han Dynasty, including thousands of historical figures such as emperors, generals, heroes and civilians, and has rich historical contents in politics, classics, culture and thoughts. Historical Records is divided into five parts. The first is 12 history. The second is table 10, which systematically trains people and things in ancient and modern times; Third, there are eight books, one of which is Li, Yue, Fa, Li, Chan, Qu, Tian Guan and Equality. Fourthly, there are 30 noble families, including Confucius and Chen She. Fifth, there are 70 biographies about ancient and modern people and historical events. Individually, the five styles in Historical Records were all produced or germinated before Sima Qian, and it was Sima Qian's initiative to compile them into one book. Judging from the content and content of historical records, the history of Qin and Han dynasties accounts for the vast majority, and today it can be said that it is a little detailed.
In Bao Ren An Shu, Sima Qian not only shows the thought of "making a mountain out of a molehill", but also shows the historical thought of "investigating the reasons for its success or failure, promoting its disadvantages" and "studying the relationship between man and nature, connecting the changes from ancient times to modern times, and forming a unified view". These thoughts are concentrated in Historical Records.
"Connecting the preceding with the following" is intended to discuss the issue of historical changes. Including Sima Qian's view of history. Historical Records describes thousands of years of historical changes. When Sima Qian wrote about historical changes, he expressed his view of history, among which there are three most prominent points: First, the thought of historical evolution. He said: "Qin took the world as a tyrannical place, but the world changed greatly and achieved great success." (The King after Law) It established laws for later generations. The second is the idea of "connecting the past with the future". Sima Qian believes that historical changes must be based on getting rid of the old and spreading the new. He affirmed Shang Yang's reform, breaking the old rules and establishing new laws, which made "the villages and cities rule" and "the Qin people become rich and strong" (Biography of Shang Jun). Third, it is the idea of "seeing prosperity and watching decline". Sima Qian believes that prosperity often hides decline. However, the rich are corrupt and "competing for luxury", and the atmosphere is getting worse. "Things have ups and downs, but there are steady changes" (The Book of Equalization). Because rulers and exploiters are greedy and corrupt, people are poor, social contradictions intensify, and prosperity begins to decline. This idea of "communication" and "change" is of great historical significance. But Sima Qian
"Investigating the reasons for its success or failure" means that Sima Qian wants to explore the reasons for the rise and fall of political power, political gains and losses and personal success or failure in past dynasties, thus embodying his political views. Historical Records records the changes of political power in past dynasties, the gains and losses of all kinds of politics, and the success or failure of many figures for thousands of years. There are three points worth noting: first, tyranny without roads will inevitably lead to resistance. The Qin dynasty unified the world, which was very lively. However, it was a means of oppression and coercion, which hurt the people and caused the Chen She Uprising, so the Qin Dynasty collapsed. He also pointed out: "Jie and Zhou lost their way and made soup and martial arts." Zhou lost his way and wrote Spring and Autumn Annals. Qin lost his politics and made a fortune. The princes are in chaos, the clouds are steaming, and the Qin family is dead. At the end of the world, they are involved. " Even the downfall, Liu Bang changed from weak to strong. As for success, among many factors, one important reason is that Xiang Yu only believed in his old family's in-laws and had a counselor, Fan Zeng, but he could not use it. Liu Bang appointed Xiao He, Sean and Han Xin, and adopted their correct opinions. Therefore, Xiang Yu's downfall was due to his "pretentiousness, cleverness and failure to learn from the ancients" (Biography of Xiang Yu).
At that time, Dong Zhongshu advocated the idea of "harmony between man and nature", which was advocated by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty. He also believed in the alchemist, seeking immortality and immortality. As an official, Sima Qian's almanac of literature and history is close to divination (Bao Ren An Shu) once said. He was also influenced by the idea of the connection between man and nature. However, when he wrote history, he paid attention to personnel, not to preach destiny, but to emphasize that everything depends on people's efforts. He also revealed that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty was superstitious and prayed for God, and "there was no test in the end" (Book of Closing the Zen).
Sima Qian wants to "make a statement of one faction", that is, to set up a unique historical banner. The whole Historical Records is Sima Qian's statement, and all the above contents are included in it. His views, especially his ideas, are the most prominent. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty advocated "ousting hundreds of schools and respecting Confucianism alone", while Sima Qian emphasized that the six schools had their own advantages and disadvantages and advocated eclecticism.
Shiji has also made great achievements in history and literature, especially in depicting characters. Its characters, such as New Ling Jun, Lian Po, Lin Xiangru, Xiang Yu and Li Guang, are real and vivid, reflecting major historical issues. Therefore, people never tire of reading. Liu Xiang, Yang Xiong, Ban Biao, Ban Gu and others have always called it a "factual record". Indeed, Sima Qian wrote historical events and people truthfully.
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