Gothic architecture has developed all over France. 12-15th century, urban handicrafts and commercial guilds were quite developed, and typical Gothic buildings with a certain degree of democracy were implemented in the city. Citizens build churches with great enthusiasm and show their cities by competing with each other. Besides, at that time, the church was no longer a purely religious building. It has become the center of urban public life, the Great Hall of the Citizens, the public auditorium, and even used as a market and theater. On religious festivals, churches often become lively playgrounds.
Baroque architecture is an architectural and decorative style developed on the basis of Italian Renaissance architecture in 17 ~ 18 century. It is characterized by free appearance, dynamic pursuit, rich decoration and sculpture, strong color, and commonly used curved surface and oval space.
The original meaning of the word baroque is grotesque, and classicists use it to refer to this architectural style that is considered to be deviant. This style played an important role in opposing rigid classical forms, pursuing free and unrestrained styles and expressing secular interests, and influenced city squares, garden art and even literary and art departments. It was once widely popular in Europe.
The Jesuit church in Rome, designed by the famous Italian architect and architectural theorist Vignola in the late Renaissance, is a masterpiece of the transition from technicalism to baroque style, and some people call it the first baroque building.
Handicraft is an artistic style in Europe in the late16th century. Its main feature is the pursuit of weird and unusual effects, such as expressing space in a deformed and uncoordinated way and expressing characters in an exaggerated slender proportion. In the history of architecture, it refers to the tendency of early baroque style in the works of some Italian architects from 1530 to 1600.
The Jesuit church in Rome has a rectangular plane with a shrine at the end, which evolved from the Latin cross used in Gothic churches. The central hall is wide, and the vault is covered with statues and decorations. Two rows of small prayer rooms were used on both sides to replace the original side porch. A dome rises in the middle of the cross. The altar of the church is richly decorated and free, and the mountain flowers on it break through the classical French style, making icons and decorating the lights. The facade of the church draws lessons from the treatment method of Santa Maria, a small Florence church designed by Alberti, an architect in the early Renaissance. The eaves and mountain flowers above the main entrance are made into overlapping arcs and triangles, and inclined columns and flat pilasters are used on both sides of the main entrance. There are two pairs of large scrolls on both sides of the upper part of the front. These therapies were unique and were widely imitated later.
Baroque style broke the blind worship of Vitruvius, an ancient Roman architectural theorist, and also broke through all kinds of rules and regulations formulated by classicists in the late Renaissance, reflecting the secular thought of yearning for freedom. On the other hand, the baroque church is magnificent, which can create a very strong mysterious atmosphere and meet the requirements of the Catholic church to show off its wealth and pursue mystery. Therefore, Baroque architecture originated in Rome and soon spread all over Europe, even as far away as America. Some baroque buildings pursue luxury and verve too much, even to the point of being bulky and piled up.
Since 1930s, the wealth of Italian churches has been increasing day by day, and all parishes have built their own baroque churches. Because of its small scale, it is not suitable to use Latin cross plane, so it is mostly changed to single-space halls such as round, oval, plum blossom and round petal cross, and curved surfaces are widely used in modeling.
A typical example is the church of San Carlo in Rome, which was designed by Borromini. Its temple plane is approximately olive-shaped, and there are some irregular small prayer rooms around it; There is also a living courtyard. The hall plane and ceiling decoration emphasize dynamic curve, the vertical mountain flowers are disconnected, the cornice is horizontally bent, the wall is concave and convex, and the decoration is rich, which has a strong light and shadow effect. Although the design technique is skillful, it is inevitable that there is a feeling of affectation. /kloc-after the middle of the 0/7th century, baroque churches became popular in Italy. There are many novel and original works, but there are also buildings with poor technology and excessive stacking.
Rococo architectural style,1came into being in France in the 1920s and was popular in Europe. It was developed on the basis of Baroque architecture, mainly in interior decoration. The basic characteristics of Rococo style are delicate, gorgeous, exquisite, sweet, gentle and complicated. Against the background of the decline of European feudal aristocratic culture, it shows the decadent and flashy aesthetic ideals and thoughts of the declining aristocratic class. They can't stand the seriousness and rationality of classicism and the noise of baroque, and pursue beauty and leisure. The word rococo evolved from French rocaille, which originally meant the shell-shaped pattern in architectural decoration. 1699, architect and decorative artist Marley adopted this curved shell pattern in a large number of decorative designs of the king's residence, hence the name. Rococo style first appeared in the interior decoration of buildings, and later extended to the fields of painting, sculpture, handicrafts and literature.
Rococo architectural style is characterized by bright colors, exquisite decoration, and exquisite and complicated furniture, unlike Baroque style with strong colors and rich decoration. The interior space of Rococo architecture in southern Germany and Austria is very complicated.
The characteristics of rococo decoration are: delicate and gentle, often using asymmetric techniques, like to use arcs and S-shaped lines, especially like to use shells, eddies and rocks as decorative themes, winding grass and flowers, lingering and winding into one. The ceiling and the wall are sometimes connected by curved surfaces, and murals are arranged at the corners.
In order to imitate the natural form, indoor buildings are often made into asymmetric shapes, which vary greatly, but sometimes they are artificial. Indoor wall painting, love to use bright light colors such as light green, pink, rose red and so on. And most of the feet are gold. Indoor dado boards are sometimes made of wooden boards and sometimes made into exquisite frames. There is a circle of lace around the frame, and the middle is often lined with light-colored oriental brocade.
Rococo style reflects the life interest of the nobles of Louis XV, France, and pursues exquisiteness, exquisiteness, glitz and triviality. It is also known as "Louis XV style" and once swept Europe. Rococo decoration mostly takes natural themes as curves, such as scrolls, waves, circles, etc. The color is charming and shiny, and ivory white and gold are its popular colors; Glass mirrors and crystal lamps are often used to enhance the effect. Representative works of Rococo-style decoration include the Prince Salon of Eric Shanto (1722, designed by Jean Aubert), the Salon of Soubise Hotel (1732, designed by germain Bofran) and the Worry-Free Palace in Potsdam. The representative works of this architectural style include the Princess Salon in Supes Mansion in Paris and the Queen's Room in Versailles Palace.
The advocator of Rococo artistic style is Madame de Pompadour, who not only participated in military and diplomatic affairs, but also influenced the artistic style at that time as a cultural "protector". Madame de Pompadour, whose original name was Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, was born in a family of financial speculators in Paris, and was later made a marquise by Louis XV. Under the advocacy of Madame de Pompadour, the rococo artistic style came into being, which made the sculpture style with prosperous weather in the17th century shine under the sun king, and was touched by this lady with a delicate hand in the18th century, which was particularly charming.
The characteristic of Rococo secular architecture art is the garden-style mansion with light structure, which increasingly crowds out the baroque grand palace architecture. Here, individuals can develop freely without interference from the boastful court society. For example, the names of Xiaoyao Palace or Guan Jing Mansion indicate the private characteristics of these mansions. Prince Eugene's garden palace is a vibrant whole, consisting of seven symmetrically arranged pavilion-style buildings, and its folding compound sloping roof spreads gracefully and symmetrically from the middle to the domes of four turrets. The single-story main hall with gables on it has almost the comfort of the middle class, while the two spread-out double-story wings show the luxury of the master, but not the pride of the princes and nobles. Two single-storey buildings with moderate width are located between the pagodas, and the magnificence of the pavilions makes the whole building have the characteristics of a solid castle-in short, completely different architectural concepts are unified in an elegant internal connection. It is this careless configuration of architectural groups whose forms and styles are almost contradictory that clearly embodies the spirit of rococo art.